Euclid

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 697, pp. A2

Abstract

This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg 2 sampled at 0″.1 with an array of 609 Megapixels and a spatial resolution of 0″.18. It will be used to survey approximately 14 000 deg 2 of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift range z = 0.1–1.5 resulting from weak gravitational lensing, one of the two principal cosmology probes leveraged by Euclid . With photometric redshifts, the distribution of dark matter can be mapped in three dimensions, and the extent to which this has changed with look-back time can be used to constrain the nature of dark energy and theories of gravity. The entire VIS focal plane will be transmitted to provide the largest images of the Universe from space to date, specified to reach m AB ≥ 24.5 with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N ≥ 10 in a single broad I E ≃ ( r + i + z ) band over a six-year survey. The particularly challenging aspects of the instrument are the control and calibration of observational biases, which lead to stringent performance requirements and calibration regimes. With its combination of spatial resolution, calibration knowledge, depth, and area covering most of the extra-Galactic sky, VIS will also provide a legacy data set for many other fields. This paper discusses the rationale behind the conception of VIS and describes the instrument design and development, before reporting the prelaunch performance derived from ground calibrations and brief results from the inorbit commissioning. VIS should reach fainter than m AB = 25 with S/N ≥ 10 for galaxies with a full width at half maximum of 0″. 3 in a 1″.3 diameter aperture over the Wide Survey, and m AB ≥ 26.4 for a Deep Survey that will cover more than 50 deg 2 . The paper also describes how the instrument works with the Euclid telescope and survey, and with the science data processing, to extract the cosmological information.

Authors 89

1. Mark S. Cropper

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

2. Ashraf Al-Bahlawan

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

3. J. Amiaux

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

   AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

4. R. Azzollini

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

5. K. Benson

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

6. Michel Berthé

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

   AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

7. E. Bozzo

   University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

8. Chris Brockley-Blatt

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

9. Gian Paolo Candini

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

10. Christophe Cara

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

11. Rahil Chaudery

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

12. Richard E. Cole

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

13. Pascale Danto

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Centre d'Études Spatiales de la Biosphère

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse - France)

14. James Denniston

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

15. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

16. Ben J. Dryer

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

17. J Endicott
    Affiliation as printed

    XCAM Limited, 2 Stone Circle Road, Northampton NN3 8RF, UK

18. Maria Farina

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

19. Emanuele Galli

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

20. Ludovic Genolet

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

21. Jason Gow

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

22. Phil R. Guttridge

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

23. M. Hailey

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

24. David Hall

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

25. Henk Hoekstra

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands

26. Andrew D. Holland

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

    XCAM Limited, 2 Stone Circle Road, Northampton NN3 8RF, UK

27. B. Horeau

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

28. D. Hu

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

29. T. Kitching

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

30. R. Kohley

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid Spain

31. C. Larchevêque
    Affiliation as printed

    APCO Technologies, Chemin de Champex 10, 1860 Aigle, Switzerland

32. Alastair Lawrenson

    University College London · Surrey Satellite Technology (United Kingdom)

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

    Surrey Satellite Technology Limited, Tycho House, 20 Stephenson Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford GU2 7YE, UK

33. S.J Liu

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

34. J. Martignac

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

35. R. Massey

    Durham University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK

    Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK

36. Henry Joy McCracken

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

37. L. Miller

    University of Oxford

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

38. Norman Murray

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

39. R. Nakajima

    University of Bonn

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany

40. S.-M Niemi

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

41. James W Nightingale

    Durham University · Newcastle University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK

    School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK

42. S. Paltani

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

43. Anand Pendem

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

44. A. Philippon

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

45. C. Plana

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

46. Peter J. Pool

    Teledyne e2v (United Kingdom)

    Affiliation as printed

    Teledyne E2V, 106, Waterhouse Lane, Chelmsford CM1 2QU, UK

47. S. Pottinger

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

48. Giuseppe D. Racca

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

49. Jason D. Rhodes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

50. A. Rousseau

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

51. K. Ruane

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

52. Mario Salatti

    Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

    Affiliation as printed

    Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

53. J.-C Salvignol

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

54. J. Skottfelt

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

55. Samuel Smit

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

56. Ian Swindells

    Teledyne e2v (United Kingdom)

    Affiliation as printed

    Teledyne E2V, 106, Waterhouse Lane, Chelmsford CM1 2QU, UK

57. Magdalena B. Szafraniec

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

58. William R. Thomas

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

59. E. Tommasi

    Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

    Affiliation as printed

    Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

60. S. Tosti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

61. François Visticot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

62. D.M. Walton

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

63. G. Willis

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

64. Berend Winter

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

65. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

66. B Altieri

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid Spain

67. Adam Amara

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

68. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

69. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

70. Hervé Aussel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

71. C. Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy

72. Marco Baldi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

73. A. Balestra

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

74. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

75. Alberto Basset

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Centre d'Études Spatiales de la Biosphère

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse - France)

76. Ralf Bender

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

77. Francis Bernardeau

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Institut de Physique Théorique

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

    IPHT - Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 (Institut de Physique Théorique Orme des Merisiers batiment 774 Point courrier 136 CEA/DSM/IPhT CEA/Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex - France)

78. C. Bodendorf

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

79. Tobias Boenke

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

80. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

81. E. Branchini

    University of Genoa · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

82. M. Brescia

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

83. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

84. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

85. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

86. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

87. V. F. Cardone

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Astronomical Observatory of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

    INFN – Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy

88. J. Carretero

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

89. R. Casas

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain