Euclid preparation
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 713, pp. A256
Abstract
We present CosmoPostProcess , a simulation-based forward model algorithm calibrated to reproduce optical cluster observables in line with measurements taken with the Euclid space telescope. The main deliverable of CosmoPostProcess is a correction for stacked surface-density profiles, binned in terms of richness and redshift, that accounts for selection-related systematic effects. These corrections take into account the modification to the stacked weak lensing signal from richness-selected samples of clusters identified in the photometric Euclid survey compared with an unbiased reference sample. In this work, we focus on the Euclid richness definition currently foreseen for the cosmological analysis, which does not apply a colour selection. Euclid also provides an alternative richness estimate based on a red-sequence galaxy selection, which is not considered here. The algorithm processes N -body simulations by painting galaxies with a halo-occupation model and emulating the survey’s detection and richness-assignment algorithms. We implemented a novel algorithm to estimate the optical cluster centres from galaxy-projected densities and validated it against the official Euclid pipelines. The effect of baryonic physics on the halo density profiles is incorporated through a correction calibrated on hydrodynamical simulations, yielding total-matter profiles consistent with those measured in the reference hydrodynamical simulations. In validation against hydrodynamical simulations, the baryon-corrected excess surface density is in agreement to within 2% for cluster-centric radii, r ∈ [0.1, 5] h −1 Mpc. To assess the impact of the different contributions to the selection bias, we performed dedicated tests that included variations of both cosmological parameters and the parameters of the mass–richness relation. Across all these tests, the selection bias induced by projection alone follows a robust pattern: a large-scale structure that is physically correlated with the main halo and projected along the line of sight enhances the stacked surface density profile near the transition from one-halo to two-halo dominance, with a peak radius of about 1 h −1 Mpc and an amplitude of about 20–40%, with a dependence on richness and redshift. This behaviour is mild at low and intermediate redshifts ( z ≲ 0.7), where the impact remains at the level of a few per cent, but it becomes increasingly relevant at higher redshift ( z ≳ 0.7), with a more pronounced enhancement of the transition-scale peak. Finally, baryonic modifications remain sub-dominant outside the core, with an impact of about 2% beyond r ≳ 0.3 h −1 Mpc. As an outcome of this analysis, the CosmoPostProcess framework delivers radial profile corrections with associated uncertainties, combining the selection bias from projection effects with the impact of baryonic physics and miscentring. These corrections will be a key ingredient to ensure controlled systematics in the Euclid DR1 galaxy cluster cosmological analysis.
Authors 100
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University of Trieste · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
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University of Trieste · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Universidade de São Paulo · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · Fondazione ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Department of Mathematical Physics, Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo
ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
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University of Trieste · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · Fondazione ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste
ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
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University of Trieste · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · Fondazione ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste
ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
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University of Trieste · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur
Affiliation as printed
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS
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Affiliation as printed
Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
INFN-Sezione di Genova
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Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
INFN-Sezione di Torino
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Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-IASF Milano
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Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)
Port d’Informació Científica
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Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
INFN section of Naples
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
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Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
European Space Agency/ESRIN
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institute of Space Sciences · Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Bologna
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Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Affiliation as printed
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-IASF Milano
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics
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Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo
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California Institute of Technology · Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
Affiliation as printed
Caltech/IPAC
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Affiliation as printed
Felix Hormuth Engineering
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Technical University of Denmark
Affiliation as printed
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
Technical University of Denmark
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
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Affiliation as printed
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics
Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d'Étude de l'Univers et des Phénomènes Extrêmes
Affiliation as printed
Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS
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Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics
Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Affiliation as printed
SKAO
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Affiliation as printed
Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Affiliation as printed
Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie
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Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
INFN-Sezione di Roma
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur
Affiliation as printed
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Centre Pierre Binétruy · University of California, Berkeley
Affiliation as printed
CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binétruy, IRL2007
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny
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University of Trieste · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
-
Affiliation as printed
Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA)
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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Institute for High Energy Physics · Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology · Port d'Informació Científica
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB
Port d’Informació Científica
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European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre
Affiliation as printed
European Space Agency/ESTEC
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Institute for High Energy Physics · Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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