Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 711, pp. A30
Abstract
The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) is expected to identify in the order of 100 000 galaxy-galaxy strong lenses across 14 000deg 2 . The Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) of 63.1deg 2 Euclid images provides an excellent opportunity to test our lens-finding ability, and to verify the anticipated lens frequency in the EWS. Following the Q1 data release, eight machine learning networks from five teams were applied to approximately one million images. This was followed by a citizen science inspection of a subset of around 100 000 images, of which 65% received high network scores, with the remainder randomly selected. The top scoring outputs were inspected by experts to establish confident (grade A), likely (grade B), possible (grade C), and unlikely lenses. In this paper we combine the citizen science and machine learning classifiers into an ensemble, demonstrating that a combined approach can produce a purer and more complete sample than the original individual classifiers. Using the expert-graded subset as ground truth, we find that this ensemble can provide a purity of 52 ± 2% (grade A/B lenses) with 50% completeness (for context, due to the rarity of lenses a random classifier would have a purity of 0.05% and the best machine learning network in this work achieved 7.3% purity for the same completeness). We discuss future lessons for the first major Euclid data release (DR1), where the big-data challenges will become more significant and will require analysing more than ∼300 million galaxies, and thus the time investment of both experts and citizens must be carefully managed.
Authors 100
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University of Oxford · University of Portsmouth
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Oxford University
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Oxford University
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University of Toronto · University of Manchester
Affiliation as printed
David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory · Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology · Stanford University
Affiliation as printed
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
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Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
Affiliation as printed
Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar
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FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland
Affiliation as printed
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering
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Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physical Sciences, The Open University
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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics · Technical University of Munich
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland · University of Portsmouth
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny
SCITAS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université
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University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano
INAF-IASF Milano
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University of Minnesota · University of Groningen
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Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen
Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota
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STAR Institute, University of Liège, Quartier Agora
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Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros
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California Institute of Technology · Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
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Caltech/IPAC
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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics · Technical University of Munich
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Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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University of Milan · Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
INFN-Sezione di Milano
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Montpellier · Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
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Laboratoire univers et particules de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
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ESAC/ESA
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University of Liège · Durham University
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Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University
STAR Institute, University of Liège, Quartier Agora
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ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics
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Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, ETH Zurich
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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School of Physical Sciences, The Open University
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota
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School of Physical Sciences, The Open University
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Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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Department of Physics, Oxford University
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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University of Trento · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze
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University of Trento
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Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
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Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
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ESAC/ESA
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School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation
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Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics
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IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
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INFN, Sezione di Trieste
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
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INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II
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Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto
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Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino
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Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre
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European Space Agency/ESTEC
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
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Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)
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University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System
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Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
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Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh
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Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill
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Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
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Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary
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University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences
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Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale
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Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
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ESAC/ESA
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
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INFN-Padova
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
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Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
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Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency
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Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
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Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Bologna
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