Euclidpreparation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 671, pp. A102

Abstract

The variousEuclidimaging surveys will become a reference for studies of galaxy morphology by delivering imaging over an unprecedented area of 15 000 square degrees with high spatial resolution. In order to understand the capabilities of measuring morphologies fromEuclid-detected galaxies and to help implement measurements in the pipeline of the Organisational Unit MER of the Euclid Science Ground Segment, we have conducted the Euclid Morphology Challenge, which we present in two papers. While the companion paper focusses on the analysis of photometry, this paper assesses the accuracy of the parametric galaxy morphology measurements in imaging predicted from within the Euclid Wide Survey. We evaluate the performance of five state-of-the-art surface-brightness-fitting codes,DeepLeGATo,Galapagos-2,Morfometryka,ProFitandSourceXtractor++, on a sample of about 1.5 million simulated galaxies (350 000 above 5σ) resembling reduced observations with theEuclidVIS and NIR instruments. The simulations include analytic Sérsic profiles with one and two components, as well as more realistic galaxies generated with neural networks. We find that, despite some code-specific differences, all methods tend to achieve reliable structural measurements (< 10% scatter on ideal Sérsic simulations) down to an apparent magnitude of aboutIE = 23 in one component andIE = 21 in two components, which correspond to a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 1 and 5, respectively. We also show that when tested on non-analytic profiles, the results are typically degraded by a factor of 3, driven by systematics. We conclude that the officialEuclidData Releases will deliver robust structural parameters for at least 400 million galaxies in the Euclid Wide Survey by the end of the mission. We find that a key factor for explaining the different behaviour of the codes at the faint end is the set of adopted priors for the various structural parameters.

Authors 100

1. H. Bretonnière

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Université Paris-Saclay · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Université Paris Diderot

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Paris Cité , CNRS , Astroparticule et Cosmologie , 75013 Paris , France

   Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS , Institut d'astrophysique spatiale , 91405 Orsay , France

   APC (UMR_7164) - AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC - UMR 7164, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, case postale 7020, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 - France)

   IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

2. Ulrike Kuchner

   University of Nottingham

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Uni- versity Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , UK

3. E. Merlin

   Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33 , 00078 Monteporzio Catone , Italy

   LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (61, avenue de l'Observatoire - 75014 PARIS - France)

4. M. Castellano

   Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , Via Frascati 33 , 00078 Monteporzio Catone , Italy

5. D. Tuccillo

   Instituto de Física de Cantabria

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Física de Cantabria , Edificio Juan Jordá , Avenida de los Castros , 39005 Santander , Spain

6. F. Buitrago

   Universidad de Valladolid · University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

   Affiliation as printed

   Departamento de Física Teórica , Atómica y Óptica , Universidad de Valladolid , 47011 Valladolid , Spain

   Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço , Faculdade de Ciên- cias , Universidade de Lisboa , Tapada da Ajuda , 1349-018 Lisboa , Portugal

7. Christopher J. Conselice

   University of Manchester

   Affiliation as printed

   Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics , Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , UK

8. A. Boucaud

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Paris Cité , CNRS , Astroparticule et Cosmologie , 75013 Paris , France

9. Boris Häußler

   European Southern Observatory · Université Paris Diderot

   Affiliation as printed

   European Southern Observatory , Alonso de Cordova 3107 , Casilla 19001 , Santiago , Chile

   APC (UMR_7164) - AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC - UMR 7164, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, case postale 7020, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13 - France)

10. M Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München , Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1 , 81679 München , Germany

11. W. G. Hartley

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Geneva , ch. dÉcogia 16 , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland

12. Alejandro Álvarez Ayllón

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Geneva , ch. dÉcogia 16 , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland

13. E. Bertin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope

    Affiliation as printed

    Canada -France-Hawaii Telescope , 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy , Kamuela , HI 96743 , USA

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris , UMR 7095 , CNRS , and Sor- bonne Université , 98 bis boulevard Arago , 75014 Paris , France

14. Fabrício Ferrari

    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Física , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , 96203-900 Rio Grande , RS , Brazil

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

15. Leonardo Ferreira

    University of Nottingham

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , UK

16. R. Gavazzi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS , CNES , LAM , Marseille , France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris , UMR 7095 , CNRS , and Sor- bonne Université , 98 bis boulevard Arago , 75014 Paris , France

17. D. Hernández-Lang

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München , Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1 , 81679 München , Germany

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

    LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (Pôle de l'Étoile Site de Château-Gombert 38, rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie 13388 Marseille cedex 13 - France)

18. G. Lucatelli

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics , Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , UK

19. Aaron S G Robotham

    The University of Western Australia · International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research

    Affiliation as printed

    ICRAR , M468, University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia

20. M. Schefer

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Geneva , ch. dÉcogia 16 , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland

21. L. Wang Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    Kapteyn Astronomical Institute , University of Groningen , PO Box 800 , 9700 AV Groningen , The Netherlands

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Landleven 12 , 9747 AD Groningen , The Netherlands

22. R. Cabanac

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP) , Université de Toulouse , CNRS , UPS , CNES , 14 Av. Edouard Belin , 31400 Toulouse , France

23. H. Domínguez Sánchez

    Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA) , Plaza San Juan , 1 , planta 2 44001 , Teruel , Spain

    IRAP - Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (9 avenue Colonel Roche 31028 Toulouse - France)

24. Pierre–Alain Duc

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg , CNRS , Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg , UMR 7550 , 67000 Strasbourg , France

25. S. Fotopoulou

    Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg · University of Bristol

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics , HH Wills Physics Laboratory , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 1TL , UK

    ObAS - Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (11 Rue de l'université 67000 STRASBOURG - France)

26. Sandor Kruk

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

27. Antonio La Marca
28. Berta Margalef-Bentabol Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Space Research Organisation Netherlands

    Affiliation as printed

    SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Landleven 12 , 9747 AD Groningen , The Netherlands

29. Francine R. Marleau

    Universität Innsbruck

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Astro-und Teilchenphysik , Universität Innsbruck , Tech- nikerstr. 25/8 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria

30. C. Tortora

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Via Moiariello 16 , 80131 Napoli , Italy

31. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS , Institut d'astrophysique spatiale , 91405 Orsay , France

32. Adam Amara

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · University of Portsmouth

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 3FX , UK

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

33. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

34. R. Azzollini
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

35. Marco Baldi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

36. Ralf Bender

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München , Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1 , 81679 München , Germany

37. C. Bodendorf

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

38. E. Branchini
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

39. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Via Moiariello 16 , 80131 Napoli , Italy

40. J. Brinchmann
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

41. S. Camera
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

42. V. Capobianco
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

43. C. Carbone
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

44. J. Carretero
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

45. Francisco Javier Castander
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

46. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Via Moiariello 16 , 80131 Napoli , Italy

47. A. Cimatti
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

48. R. Clédassou
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

49. G. Congedo

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

    CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse - France)

    IN2P3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE 3 rue Michel-Ange 75794 PARIS CEDEX 16 - France - France)

50. L. Conversi
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

51. Y. Copin
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

52. L. Corcione

    Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

53. F. Courbin
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

54. Mark S. Cropper
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

55. A. Da Silva
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

56. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Geneva , ch. dÉcogia 16 , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland

57. J. Dinis
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

58. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy , University of Geneva , ch. dÉcogia 16 , 1290 Versoix , Switzerland

59. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics , Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , UK

60. X. Dupac
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

61. S. Dusini
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

62. S. Farrens
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

63. S. Ferriol

    Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · CEA Paris-Saclay

    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

64. M. Frailis

    Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

65. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

66. M. Fumana
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

67. Samuele Galeotta
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

68. B. Garilli
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

69. Bryan R. Gillis
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

70. C. Giocoli
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

71. A. Grazian

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

72. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München , Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1 , 81679 München , Germany

73. S. V. H. Haugan

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

74. Henk Hoekstra
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

75. W. A. Holmes
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

76. F. Hormuth

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

77. Allan Hornstrup

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

78. Patrick Hudelot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

79. K. Jahnkę

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

80. Smaïn Kermiche
    Affiliation as printed

    . Bretonnière et al. : A&A 671 , A102 (2023)

81. A. Kiessling

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

    CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (163, avenue de Luminy - Case 902 - 13288 Marseille cedex 09 - France)

82. R. Kohley

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

83. Martin Kunz

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

84. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

85. S. Ligori

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

86. Per Barth Lilje

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

87. Ivan Lloro

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

88. O. Mansutti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

89. O. Marggraf

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

90. Katarina Markovic

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

91. F. Marulli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

92. R. Massey

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

93. Henry Joy McCracken

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris , UMR 7095 , CNRS , and Sor- bonne Université , 98 bis boulevard Arago , 75014 Paris , France

94. Eduardo Medinaceli

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

95. M. Melchior

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

96. Massimo Meneghetti

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

97. G. Meylan

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France

98. M. Moresco

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

99. Lauro Moscardini

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

100. Emiliano Munari

     Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

     Affiliation as printed

     CNRS , LERMA , 75014 Paris , France