Incorporating a Deep Neural Network into Moving Horizon Estimation for Embedded Thermal Torque Derating of an Electric Machine

Energies, vol. 18, pp. 3813

Abstract

This study presents a novel state estimation approach integrating Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) into Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE). This is a shift from using traditional physics-based models within MHE towards data-driven techniques. Specifically, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-based DNN is trained using synthetic data derived from a high-fidelity thermal model of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM), applied within a thermal derating torque control strategy for battery electric vehicles. The trained DNN is directly embedded within an MHE formulation, forming a discrete-time nonlinear optimal control problem (OCP) solved via the acados optimization framework. Model-in-the-Loop simulations demonstrate accurate temperature estimation even under noisy sensor conditions and simulated sensor failures. Real-time implementation on embedded hardware confirms practical feasibility, achieving computational performance exceeding real-time requirements threefold. By integrating the learned LSTM-based dynamics directly into MHE, this work achieves state estimation accuracy, robustness, and adaptability while reducing modeling efforts and complexity. Overall, the results highlight the effectiveness of combining model-based and data-driven methods in safety-critical automotive control systems.

Authors 5

1. Alexander Winkler corresponding Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Teaching and Research Area Mechatronics in Mobile Propulsion, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 4, 52074 Aachen, Germany

2. Pranav Shah Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Teaching and Research Area Mechatronics in Mobile Propulsion, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 4, 52074 Aachen, Germany

3. Katrin Baumgärtner

   University of Freiburg

   Affiliation as printed

   IMTEK—Department of Microsystems, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

4. David C. Gordon

   University of Alberta

   Affiliation as printed

   Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 10th Floor, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada

5. Jakob Andert Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Teaching and Research Area Mechatronics in Mobile Propulsion, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 4, 52074 Aachen, Germany