Euclid: Testing the Copernican principle with next-generation surveys

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 671, pp. A68

Abstract

Context.The Copernican principle, the notion that we are not at a special location in the Universe, is one of the cornerstones of modern cosmology. Its violation would invalidate the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, causing a major change in our understanding of the Universe. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to perform observational tests of this principle. Aims.We determine the precision with which future surveys will be able to test the Copernican principle and their ability to detect any possible violations. Methods.We forecast constraints on the inhomogeneous Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) model with a cosmological constant Λ, basically a cosmological constant Λ and cold dark matter (CDM) model but endowed with a spherical inhomogeneity. We consider combinations of currently available data and simulatedEucliddata, together with external data products, based on both ΛCDM and ΛLTB fiducial models. These constraints are compared to the expectations from the Copernican principle. Results.When considering the ΛCDM fiducial model, we find thatEucliddata, in combination with other current and forthcoming surveys, will improve the constraints on the Copernican principle by about 30%, with ±10% variations depending on the observables and scales considered. On the other hand, when considering a ΛLTB fiducial model, we find that futureEucliddata, combined with other current and forthcoming datasets, will be able to detect gigaparsec-scale inhomogeneities of contrast −0.1. Conclusions.Next-generation surveys, such asEuclid, will thoroughly test homogeneity at large scales, tightening the constraints on possible violations of the Copernican principle.

Authors 99

1. David Camarena

   Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

   Affiliation as printed

   PPGCosmo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil

2. Valerio Marra

   Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

   Affiliation as printed

   IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

   Núcleo Cosmo-ufes & Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil

3. Z. Sakr

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Saint Joseph University · Heidelberg University · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

   Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

   Université St. Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon

   Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon

   Université St. Joseph

4. Savvas Nesseris

   Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Física Teórica

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

5. A. Da Silva

   University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

   Affiliation as printed

   Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

   Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

6. J. García-Bellido

   Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Física Teórica

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

7. Pierre Fleury

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut de Physique Théorique

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

8. Lucas Lombriser

   University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

9. M. Martinelli

   Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

10. C. J. A. P. Martins

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

11. José P. Mimoso

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

12. D. Sapone

    University of Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile

13. Chris Clarkson

    Queen Mary University of London

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

14. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

15. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

16. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

17. S. Ilić

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Université Paris-Saclay · Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France

18. V. Pettorino

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

19. Isaac Tutusaus

    University of Geneva · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institute of Space Sciences · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

20. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France

21. B. Altieri

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

22. Adam Amara

    University of Portsmouth

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

23. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

24. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

25. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy

26. E. Branchini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy

27. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

28. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

29. Gian Paolo Candini

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

30. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy

31. J. Carretero

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Institute for High Energy Physics · Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

    Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

    Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

32. M. Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

33. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN Section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

34. A. Cimatti

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Universitá di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Universitá di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

35. R. Clédassou

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France

    Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, 3 Rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cédex 16, France

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France

36. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

37. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy

38. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

39. L. Corcione

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy

40. F. Courbin

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Observatoire de Sauverny, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

41. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

42. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. dÉcogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

43. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. dÉcogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

44. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester · University of Oxford

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    Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

45. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

46. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

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    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

47. A. Ealet

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

48. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

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    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

49. P. Fosalba

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

50. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

51. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

52. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

53. B. Garilli

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

54. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

55. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS), Via Gobetti 93/3, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy

56. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

57. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

58. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

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    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway

59. W. A. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

60. F. Hormuth

    von Hoerner & Sulger (Germany)

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    von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany

61. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

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    Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

62. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

63. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

64. R. Kohley

    European Space Astronomy Centre

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    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

65. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

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    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

66. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

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    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

67. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

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    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway

68. Ivan Lloro

    Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy

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    NOVA Optical Infrared Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

69. O. Mansutti

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

70. O. Marggraf

    University of Bonn

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    Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany

71. F. Marulli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

72. R. Massey

    Durham University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK

73. Massimo Meneghetti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy

74. E. Merlin

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

75. George L. Meylan

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

76. M. Moresco

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

77. Lauro Moscardini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

78. Emiliano Munari

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

79. S.-M Niemi

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

80. S. Paltani

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. dÉcogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

81. FABIO PASIAN

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

82. K. Pedersen

    Aarhus University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

83. Gianluca Polenta

    Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

84. Maurice Poncet

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales, Toulouse, France

85. Lucia Aurelia Popa

    Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Science, Bucharest 077125, Romania

86. Lucia Pozzetti

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

87. F. Raison

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

88. Rafael Rebolo

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

89. Jason D. Rhodes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

90. Giuseppe Riccio

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

91. Hans‐Walter Rix

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

92. E. Rossetti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

93. Roberto P. Saglia

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

94. Barbara Sartoris

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

95. Aurelia Secroun

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

96. Gregor Seidel

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

97. C. Sirignano

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Universitá di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Universitá di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

98. Gabriele Sirri

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

99. Luca Stanco

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy