Euclid preparation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 642, pp. A191

Abstract

Aims. The Euclid space telescope will measure the shapes and redshifts of galaxies to reconstruct the expansion history of the Universe and the growth of cosmic structures. The estimation of the expected performance of the experiment, in terms of predicted constraints on cosmological parameters, has so far relied on various individual methodologies and numerical implementations, which were developed for different observational probes and for the combination thereof. In this paper we present validated forecasts, which combine both theoretical and observational ingredients for different cosmological probes. This work is presented to provide the community with reliable numerical codes and methods for Euclid cosmological forecasts. Methods. We describe in detail the methods adopted for Fisher matrix forecasts, which were applied to galaxy clustering, weak lensing, and the combination thereof. We estimated the required accuracy for Euclid forecasts and outline a methodology for their development. We then compare and improve different numerical implementations, reaching uncertainties on the errors of cosmological parameters that are less than the required precision in all cases. Furthermore, we provide details on the validated implementations, some of which are made publicly available, in different programming languages, together with a reference training-set of input and output matrices for a set of specific models. These can be used by the reader to validate their own implementations if required. Results. We present new cosmological forecasts for Euclid . We find that results depend on the specific cosmological model and remaining freedom in each setting, for example flat or non-flat spatial cosmologies, or different cuts at non-linear scales. The numerical implementations are now reliable for these settings. We present the results for an optimistic and a pessimistic choice for these types of settings. We demonstrate that the impact of cross-correlations is particularly relevant for models beyond a cosmological constant and may allow us to increase the dark energy figure of merit by at least a factor of three.

Authors 98

1. Alain Blanchard

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

2. S. Camera

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

   INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

3. C. Carbone

   University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano "Aldo Pontremoli", Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

   INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

   INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

4. V. F. Cardone

   Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

5. Santiago Casas

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Université Paris Diderot

   Affiliation as printed

   AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

6. Sébastien Clesse

   University of Namur · UCLouvain

   Affiliation as printed

   CURL & IRMP, Louvain University, 2 Chemin du Cyclotron, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

   NaXys, University of Namur, Rempart de la Vierge 8, 5000 Namur, Belgium

7. S. Ilić

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Praha 8, Czech Republic

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

8. M. Kilbinger

   Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers

   Affiliation as printed

   CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

   Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

9. T. Kitching

   University College London

   Affiliation as printed

   Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

10. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

11. F. Lacasa

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

12. Eric V. Linder

    University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

13. Elisabetta Majerotto

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

14. Katarina Markovic

    University of Portsmouth

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

15. M. Martinelli Aachen Institute Lorentz

    Leiden University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands

16. V. Pettorino

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

17. Alkistis Pourtsidou

    Queen Mary University of London

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

18. Z. Sakr

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Saint Joseph University · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

    Université St Joseph, UR EGFEM, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon

19. Ariel G. Sánchez

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

20. D. Sapone

    University of Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile

21. Isaac Tutusaus

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institute of Space Sciences · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

22. S. Yahia-Cherif

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

23. Victoria Yankelevich

    University of Bonn

    Affiliation as printed

    Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany

24. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy

25. Hervé Aussel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

26. A. Balaguera-Antolínez

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Làctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

27. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

28. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

29. Ralf Bender

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

30. A. Biviano

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy

31. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

32. A. Boucaud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

33. E. Bozzo

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Écogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

34. E. Branchini

    Roma Tre University · Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tre · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy

35. Sylvie Brau-Nogué

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

36. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

37. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

38. C. Burigana

    University of Ferrara · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy

39. R. Cabanac

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

40. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

41. A. Cappi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France

42. J. Carretero

    Institute for High Energy Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Física d'Altes Energies IFAE, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

43. Carla Sofia Carvalho

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-018, Lisboa, Portugal

44. R. Casas

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

45. Francisco Javier Castander

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

46. M. Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

47. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

48. A. Cimatti

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

49. R. Clédassou

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse, France

50. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Làctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

51. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

52. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Nottingham

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

53. L. Conversi

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

54. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Lyon · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France

    Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France

    Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France

55. L. Corcione

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

56. J. Coupon

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Écogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

57. Hélène M. Courtois

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Lyon · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS/IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France

    Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France

    Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France

58. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

59. A. Da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

60. S. de la Torre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS , CNES , LAM , Marseille , France

    Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

61. D. Di Ferdinando

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

62. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Écogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

63. F. Ducret

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS , CNES , LAM , Marseille , France

    Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

64. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Oxford

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics , Oxford University , Keble Road , Oxford OX1 3RH , UK

    Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

65. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

66. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova , Via Marzolo 8 , 35131 Padova , Italy

    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

67. Giulio Fabbian

    University of Sussex

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of Sussex , Brighton BN1 9QH , UK

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK

68. Maximilian Fabricius

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

69. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

70. P. Fosalba

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

71. S. Fotopoulou

    Durham University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy , Department of Physics , Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK

    Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

72. N. Fourmanoit

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS/IN2P3 , CPPM , Marseille , France

    Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

73. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy

74. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

75. P. Franzetti

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

76. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

77. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy

78. William Gillard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS/IN2P3 , CPPM , Marseille , France

    Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

79. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

80. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

81. P. Gómez-Álvarez

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

82. Javier Graciá-Carpio

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

83. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

84. L. Guzzo

    University of Milan · Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano "Aldo Pontremoli", Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

85. Henk Hoekstra Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , Niels Bohrweg 2 , 2333 CA Leiden , The Netherlands

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands

86. F. Hormuth

    von Hoerner & Sulger (Germany)

    Affiliation as printed

    von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH , SchloßPlatz 8 , 68723 Schwetzingen , Germany

    von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany

87. Holger Israel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

88. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17 , 69117 Heidelberg , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

89. Elina Keihänen

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics , Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 , 00014 University of Helsinki , Finland

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

90. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Univ , CNRS/IN2P3 , CPPM , Marseille , France

    Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

91. R. Kohley

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

92. Bogna Kubik

    Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon , 4, Rue Enrico Fermi , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex , France

    Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, 4, Rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France

93. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics , Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2 , 00014 University of Helsinki , Finland

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

94. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

95. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics , University of Oslo , PO Box 1029 Blindern , 0315 Oslo , Norway

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 , Blindern 0315, Oslo, Norway

96. Ivan Lloro

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

97. E. Maiorano

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) -Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS) , Via Gobetti 93/3 , 40127 Bologna , Italy

    Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS), Via Gobetti 93/3, 40127 Bologna, Italy

98. O. Marggraf

    University of Bonn

    Affiliation as printed

    Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany