Planck 2018 results

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 641, pp. A6

Abstract

We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, combining information from the temperature and polarization maps and the lensing reconstruction. Compared to the 2015 results, improved measurements of large-scale polarization allow the reionization optical depth to be measured with higher precision, leading to significant gains in the precision of other correlated parameters. Improved modelling of the small-scale polarization leads to more robust constraints on many parameters, with residual modelling uncertainties estimated to affect them only at the 0.5 σ level. We find good consistency with the standard spatially-flat 6-parameter ΛCDM cosmology having a power-law spectrum of adiabatic scalar perturbations (denoted “base ΛCDM” in this paper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination. A combined analysis gives dark matter density Ω c h 2 = 0.120 ± 0.001, baryon density Ω b h 2 = 0.0224 ± 0.0001, scalar spectral index n s = 0.965 ± 0.004, and optical depth τ = 0.054 ± 0.007 (in this abstract we quote 68% confidence regions on measured parameters and 95% on upper limits). The angular acoustic scale is measured to 0.03% precision, with 100 θ * = 1.0411 ± 0.0003. These results are only weakly dependent on the cosmological model and remain stable, with somewhat increased errors, in many commonly considered extensions. Assuming the base-ΛCDM cosmology, the inferred (model-dependent) late-Universe parameters are: Hubble constant H 0 = (67.4 ± 0.5) km s −1 Mpc −1 ; matter density parameter Ω m = 0.315 ± 0.007; and matter fluctuation amplitude σ 8 = 0.811 ± 0.006. We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-ΛCDM model. Combining with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements (and considering single-parameter extensions) we constrain the effective extra relativistic degrees of freedom to be N eff = 2.99 ± 0.17, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction N eff = 3.046, and find that the neutrino mass is tightly constrained to ∑ m ν < 0.12 eV. The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudes than predicted in base ΛCDM at over 2 σ , which pulls some parameters that affect the lensing amplitude away from the ΛCDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAO data. The joint constraint with BAO measurements on spatial curvature is consistent with a flat universe, Ω K = 0.001 ± 0.002. Also combining with Type Ia supernovae (SNe), the dark-energy equation of state parameter is measured to be w 0 = −1.03 ± 0.03, consistent with a cosmological constant. We find no evidence for deviations from a purely power-law primordial spectrum, and combining with data from BAO, BICEP2, and Keck Array data, we place a limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r 0.002 < 0.06. Standard big-bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the helium and deuterium abundances for the base-ΛCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations. The Planck base-ΛCDM results are in good agreement with BAO, SNe, and some galaxy lensing observations, but in slight tension with the Dark Energy Survey’s combined-probe results including galaxy clustering (which prefers lower fluctuation amplitudes or matter density parameters), and in significant, 3.6 σ , tension with local measurements of the Hubble constant (which prefer a higher value). Simple model extensions that can partially resolve these tensions are not favoured by the Planck data.

Authors 96

1. N. Aghanim

   Université Paris-Sud · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

2. Y. Akrami Aachen Institute Lorentz

   Leiden University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · University of Oslo · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · École Normale Supérieure - PSL

   Affiliation as printed

   Département de Physique, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

   Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands

   Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

3. M. Ashdown

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK

   Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

4. J. Aumont

   Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

5. Carlo Baccigalupi

   Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati

   Affiliation as printed

   SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

6. M. Ballardini

   Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · University of the Western Cape · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa

   INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

7. Anthony J. Banday

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

   Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

8. R. Belén Barreiro

   Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

9. N. Bartolo

   University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

10. S. Basak

    Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India

11. Richard A. Battye

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

12. K. Benabed

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

13. J.-P. Bernard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

14. Marco Bersanelli

    University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy

    INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy

15. P. Bielewicz

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · National Centre for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. L. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland

    SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

16. J. J. Bock

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

17. J. Richard Bond

    University of Toronto · Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada

18. Jullian Borrill

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · Space Sciences Laboratory · University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

19. François R. Bouchet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

20. F. Boulanger

    Université Paris-Sud · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Université Paris-Saclay · Observatoire de Paris · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France

21. M. Bucher

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot · University of KwaZulu-Natal

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

    Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

22. C. Burigana

    University of Ferrara · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

23. R. C. Butler

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

24. J.-F. Cardoso

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

25. Julien Carron

    University of Sussex

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK

26. A. Challinor

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

27. H. C. Chiang

    Princeton University · University of KwaZulu-Natal

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

28. Jens Chluba

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

29. L. P. L. Colombo

    University of Milan

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy

30. Céline Combet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France

31. D. Contreras

    University of British Columbia

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC, Canada

32. Brendan P. Crill

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

33. F. Cuttaia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

34. P. de Bernardis

    Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy

35. G. de Zotti

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy

36. J.‐M. Delouis

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Ifremer · Laboratory for Ocean Physics and Satellite Remote Sensing · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Brest, France

37. Eleonora Di Valentino

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

38. Jose Maria Diego

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

39. Olivier Doré

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

40. Marian Douspis

    Université Paris-Sud · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

41. Anne Ducout

    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · The University of Tokyo

    Affiliation as printed

    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277- 8583, Japan

42. X. Dupac

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

43. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

44. G. Efstathiou

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

45. F. Elsner

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

46. Torsten A. Enßlin

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

47. Hans Kristian Eriksen

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

48. Yabebal T. Fantaye

    African Institute for Mathematical Sciences · Stellenbosch University

    Affiliation as printed

    African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa

    Department of Mathematics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa

49. M. Farhang

    Shahid Beheshti University

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Velenjak, Tehran 19839, Iran

50. J. Fergusson

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK

51. R. Fernández-Cobos

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

52. Fabio Finelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

53. Francesco Forastieri

    University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

54. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy

55. A. A. Fraisse

    Princeton University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

56. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

57. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy

58. S. Galli

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

59. Ken M. Ganga

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

60. R. T. Génova-Santos

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

61. M. Gerbino

    Argonne National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA

62. T. Ghosh

    California Institute of Technology · National Institute of Science Education and Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

    School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni, 752050 Odissa, India

63. J. González-Nuevo

    Universidad de Oviedo

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain

64. Krzysztof M. Gorski

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory · University of Warsaw

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

65. S. Gratton

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

66. ALESSANDRO GRUPPUSO

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

67. J. E. Gudmundsson

    Stockholm University · Princeton University · AlbaNova

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

68. J. Hamann

    UNSW Sydney

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

69. Will J. Handley

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

70. Frode K. Hansen

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

71. D. Herranz

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

72. Sergi R. Hildebrandt

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

73. Eric F. Hivon

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, UMR7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

74. Zhiqi Huang

    Sun Yat-sen University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China

75. Andrew H. Jaffe

    Imperial College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK

76. William C. Jones

    Princeton University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

77. A. Karakci

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

78. Elina Keihänen

    University of Helsinki

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

79. Reijo Keskitalo

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

80. K. Kiiveri

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

81. J. Kim

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

82. T. S. Kisner

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

83. Lloyd Knox

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA

84. N. Krachmalnicoff

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati

    Affiliation as printed

    SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

85. Martin Kunz

    Université Paris-Sud · University of Geneva · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · African Institute for Mathematical Sciences · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa

    Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

86. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

87. G. Lagache

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

88. J.‐M. Lamarre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France

89. Anthony Norden Lasenby

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

90. Massimiliano Lattanzi

    University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

91. C. R. Lawrence

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

92. M. Le Jeune

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

93. Pablo Lemos

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

94. F. Levrier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France

95. Antony Lewis

    University of Sussex

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK

96. M. Liguori

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy