Gaia Early Data Release 3

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 667, pp. A148

Abstract

Context. Gaia -CRF3 is the celestial reference frame for positions and proper motions in the third release of data from the Gaia mission, Gaia DR3 (and for the early third release, Gaia EDR3, which contains identical astrometric results). The reference frame is defined by the positions and proper motions at epoch 2016.0 for a specific set of extragalactic sources in the (E)DR3 catalogue. Aims. We describe the construction of Gaia -CRF3 and its properties in terms of the distributions in magnitude, colour, and astrometric quality. Methods. Compact extragalactic sources in Gaia DR3 were identified by positional cross-matching with 17 external catalogues of quasi-stellar objects (QSO) and active galactic nuclei (AGN), followed by astrometric filtering designed to remove stellar contaminants. Selecting a clean sample was favoured over including a higher number of extragalactic sources. For the final sample, the random and systematic errors in the proper motions are analysed, as well as the radio-optical offsets in position for sources in the third realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3). Results. Gaia -CRF3 comprises about 1.6 million QSO-like sources, of which 1.2 million have five-parameter astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 and 0.4 million have six-parameter solutions. The sources span the magnitude range G = 13–21 with a peak density at 20.6 mag, at which the typical positional uncertainty is about 1 mas. The proper motions show systematic errors on the level of 12 µas yr –1 on angular scales greater than 15 deg. For the 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF3 sources in the S/X frequency bands, the median offset from the radio positions is about 0.5 mas, but it exceeds 4 mas in either coordinate for 127 sources. We outline the future of Gaia -CRF in the next Gaia data releases. Appendices give further details on the external catalogues used, how to extract information about the Gaia -CRF3 sources, potential (Galactic) confusion sources, and the estimation of the spin and orientation of an astrometric solution.

Authors 99

1. S. A. Klioner

   Technische Universität Dresden

   Affiliation as printed

   Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

2. L. Lindegren

   Lund University

   Affiliation as printed

   Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

3. F. Mignard

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

   Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

4. J. Hernández

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

5. M. Ramos-Lerate

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

6. U. Bastian

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

7. M. Biermann

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

8. A. Bombrun

   European Space Agency

   Affiliation as printed

   HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

9. A. de Torres

   European Space Agency

   Affiliation as printed

   HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

10. E. Gerlach

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

11. R. Geyer

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

12. T. Hilger

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

13. D. Hobbs

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

14. Uwe Lammers

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

15. P. J. McMillan

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

16. Hagen Steidelmüller

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

17. D. Teyssier

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

18. C. M. Raiteri

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

19. Santiago Bartolomé

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

20. Marcel Bernet

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

21. J. Castañeda

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

22. Marcial Clotet

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

23. Marc David

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

24. C. Fabricius

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

25. N. Garralda Torres

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

26. J. J. González‐Vidal

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

27. J. Portell

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

28. N. Rowell

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

29. F. Torra

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

30. J. Torra

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

31. A. G. A. Brown Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands

32. Antonella Vallenari

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

33. T. Prusti

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

34. J. H. J. de Bruijne

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

35. F. Arenou

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

36. C. Babusiaux

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

    Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France

37. O. L. Creevey

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

38. Christine Ducourant

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

    Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

39. Dafydd Wyn Evans

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

40. L. Eyer

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

41. R. Guerra

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

42. A. Hutton

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

43. C. Jordi

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

44. X. Luri

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

45. C. Panem

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

46. D. Pourbaix

    Université Libre de Bruxelles · Fund for Scientific Research

    Affiliation as printed

    F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d’Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

    Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

    F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d'Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

    Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

47. Sofia Randich

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

48. P. Sartoretti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

49. Caroline Soubiran

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

    Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

50. P. Tanga

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

51. Nicholas A. Walton

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

52. C. A. L. Bailer‐Jones

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

53. R. Drimmel

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

54. F. A. Jansen

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands (retired)

55. David Katz

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

56. M. G. Lattanzi

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    University of Turin, Department of Physics, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

57. Floor van Leeuwen

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

58. J. Bakker

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

59. C. Cacciari

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofísica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

60. F. De Angeli

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

61. M. Fouesneau

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

62. Y. Frémat

    Royal Observatory of Belgium

    Affiliation as printed

    Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium

63. L. Galluccio

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

64. A. Guerrier

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

65. U. Heiter

    Uppsala University

    Affiliation as printed

    Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden

66. E. Masana

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

67. R. Messineo
    Affiliation as printed

    ALTEC S.p.a, Corso Marche, 79, 10146 Torino, Italy

68. N. Mowlavï

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

69. C. Nicolas

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

70. K. Nienartowicz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Sednai Sàrl, Geneva, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

71. F. Pailler

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

72. P. Panuzzo

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

73. F. Riclet

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

74. W. Roux

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

75. G. M. Seabroke

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

76. R. Sordo

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

77. Frédéric Thévenin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

78. G. Gracia-Abril

    Heidelberg University · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

79. M. Altmann

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Heidelberg University · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

80. R. Andrae

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

81. M. Audard

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

82. I. Bellas-Velidis

    National Observatory of Athens

    Affiliation as printed

    National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece

83. K. Benson

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

84. J. Berthier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Lille · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides

    Affiliation as printed

    IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France

85. R. Blomme

    Royal Observatory of Belgium

    Affiliation as printed

    Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium

86. P. W. Burgess

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

87. D. Busonero

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

88. G. Busso

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

89. H. Cánovas

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

90. B. Carry

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

91. A. Cellino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

92. N. Cheek

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

93. G. Clementini

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofísica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

94. Y. Damerdji

    University of Liège · Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique

    Affiliation as printed

    CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire Bp 63 Bouzareah 16340 Algiers, Algeria

    Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

    CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l'Observatoire Bp 63 Bouzareah 16340 Algiers, Algeria

    Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

95. P. de Teodoro

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

96. M. Nuñez Campos

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

97. L. Delchambre

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

    Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

98. Aldo Dell’Oro

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofísico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

99. Pilar Esquej

    European Space Agency

    Affiliation as printed

    RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain