Gaia Early Data Release 3

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 649, pp. A1

Abstract

Context. We present the early installment of the third Gaia data release, Gaia EDR3, consisting of astrometry and photometry for 1.8 billion sources brighter than magnitude 21, complemented with the list of radial velocities from Gaia DR2. Aims. A summary of the contents of Gaia EDR3 is presented, accompanied by a discussion on the differences with respect to Gaia DR2 and an overview of the main limitations which are present in the survey. Recommendations are made on the responsible use of Gaia EDR3 results. Methods. The raw data collected with the Gaia instruments during the first 34 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium and turned into this early third data release, which represents a major advance with respect to Gaia DR2 in terms of astrometric and photometric precision, accuracy, and homogeneity. Results. Gaia EDR3 contains celestial positions and the apparent brightness in G for approximately 1.8 billion sources. For 1.5 billion of those sources, parallaxes, proper motions, and the ( G BP − G RP ) colour are also available. The passbands for G , G BP , and G RP are provided as part of the release. For ease of use, the 7 million radial velocities from Gaia DR2 are included in this release, after the removal of a small number of spurious values. New radial velocities will appear as part of Gaia DR3. Finally, Gaia EDR3 represents an updated materialisation of the celestial reference frame (CRF) in the optical, the Gaia -CRF3, which is based solely on extragalactic sources. The creation of the source list for Gaia EDR3 includes enhancements that make it more robust with respect to high proper motion stars, and the disturbing effects of spurious and partially resolved sources. The source list is largely the same as that for Gaia DR2, but it does feature new sources and there are some notable changes. The source list will not change for Gaia DR3. Conclusions. Gaia EDR3 represents a significant advance over Gaia DR2, with parallax precisions increased by 30 per cent, proper motion precisions increased by a factor of 2, and the systematic errors in the astrometry suppressed by 30–40% for the parallaxes and by a factor ~2.5 for the proper motions. The photometry also features increased precision, but above all much better homogeneity across colour, magnitude, and celestial position. A single passband for G , G BP , and G RP is valid over the entire magnitude and colour range, with no systematics above the 1% level

Authors 99

1. A. G. A. Brown Aachen Leiden Observatory

   Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands

2. Antonella Vallenari

   Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

3. T. Prusti

   European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

4. J. H. J. de Bruijne

   European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

5. C. Babusiaux

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes

   Affiliation as printed

   GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

   Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France

6. M. Biermann

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f u¨r Astronomie der Universit a¨t Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

7. O. L. Creevey

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

   Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

8. Dafydd Wyn Evans

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

9. L. Eyer

   University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

10. A. Hutton

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

11. F. A. Jansen

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

12. C. Jordi

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

13. S. A. Klioner

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universit a¨t Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

14. U. Lammers

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

15. L. Lindegren

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

16. X. Luri

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

17. F. Mignard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

18. C. Panem

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

19. D. Pourbaix

    Université Libre de Bruxelles · Fund for Scientific Research

    Affiliation as printed

    F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d’Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

    Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

    F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d'Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

    Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

20. Sofia Randich

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 555 Firenze, Italy

21. P. Sartoretti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

22. Caroline Soubiran

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

    Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

23. F. Arenou

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

24. C. A. L. Bailer‐Jones

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K o¨nigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

25. U. Bastian

    Heidelberg University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f u¨r Astronomie der Universit a¨t Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

26. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

27. R. Drimmel

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

28. David Katz

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

29. M. G. Lattanzi

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    University of Turin, Department of Physics, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 155 Torino, Italy

30. Floor van Leeuwen

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

31. J. Bakker

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

32. C. Cacciari

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

33. J. Castañeda

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

34. F. De Angeli

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

35. Christine Ducourant

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

    Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

36. C. Fabricius

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

37. M. Fouesneau

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K o¨nigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

38. Y. Frémat

    Royal Observatory of Belgium

    Affiliation as printed

    Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium

39. R. Guerra

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

40. A. Guerrier

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

41. Julie Guiraud

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

42. A. Jean-Antoine Piccolo

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

43. E. Masana

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

44. R. Messineo
    Affiliation as printed

    ALTEC S.p.a, Corso Marche, 79, 10146 Torino, Italy

45. N. Mowlavï

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

46. C. Nicolas

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

47. K. Nienartowicz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Sednai Sàrl, Geneva, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

48. F. Pailler

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

49. P. Panuzzo

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

50. F. Riclet

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

51. W. Roux

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

52. G. M. Seabroke

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

53. R. Sordo

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

54. P. Tanga

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

55. Frédéric Thévenin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

56. G. Gracia-Abril

    Heidelberg University · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f u¨r Astronomie der Universit a¨t Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

57. J. Portell

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

58. D. Teyssier

    European Space Agency

    Affiliation as printed

    Telespazio Vega UK Ltd for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

59. M. Altmann

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Heidelberg University · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f u¨r Astronomie der Universit a¨t Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

60. R. Andrae

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K o¨nigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

61. I. Bellas-Velidis

    National Observatory of Athens

    Affiliation as printed

    National Observatoryof Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece

62. K. Benson

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

63. J. Berthier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Lille · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides

    Affiliation as printed

    IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France

64. R. Blomme

    Royal Observatory of Belgium

    Affiliation as printed

    Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium

65. E. Brugaletta

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

66. P. W. Burgess

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

67. G. Busso

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

68. B. Carry

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

69. A. Cellino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

70. N. Cheek

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Serco Gestión de Negocios forEuropean Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

71. G. Clementini

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

72. Y. Damerdji

    University of Liège · Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique

    Affiliation as printed

    CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire Bp 63 Bouzareah 16340 Algiers, Algeria

    Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

    CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l'Observatoire Bp 63 Bouzareah 16340 Algiers, Algeria

    Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

73. M. Davidson

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

74. L. Delchambre

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

    Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

75. Aldo Dell’Oro

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 555 Firenze, Italy

76. J. Fernández-Hernández

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

77. L. Galluccio

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

78. P. García-Lario

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

79. M. Garcia-Reinaldos

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

80. J. González-Núñez

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · Universidade de Vigo

    Affiliation as printed

    ETSE Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain

    Serco Gestión de Negocios forEuropean Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

81. E. Gosset

    University of Liège · Fund for Scientific Research

    Affiliation as printed

    F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d’Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

    Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

    F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d'Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

    Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

82. R. Haigron

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

    Affiliation as printed

    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

83. J.-L. Halbwachs

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 11 ruede l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 11 ruede l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France

84. N. C. Hambly

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

85. Diana L. Harrison

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, USA

86. D. Hatzidimitriou

    National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, 15783 Athens, Greece

87. U. Heiter

    Uppsala University

    Affiliation as printed

    Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden

88. J. Hernández

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

89. Daniel Hestroffer

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Lille · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides

    Affiliation as printed

    IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France

90. S. T. Hodgkin

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

91. B. Holl

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

92. K. Janßen

    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany

93. G. Jevardat De Fombelle

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

94. Stefan Jordan

    Heidelberg University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f u¨r Astronomie der Universit a¨t Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

95. A. Krone-Martins

    University of Lisbon · University of California, Irvine

    Affiliation as printed

    CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Department of Informatics, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, 5019 Donald Bren Hall, 92697-3440 CA Irvine, USA

96. Alessandro C. Lanzafame

    University of Catania · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy

97. W. Löffler

    Heidelberg University

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum f u¨r Astronomie der Universit a¨t Heidelberg, M o¨nchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

98. A. Lorca

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

99. Minia Manteiga

    Universidade da Coruña

    Affiliation as printed

    CITIC, Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering, University of A Coruña, Campus de Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain