Gaia Early Data Release 3

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 649, pp. A2

Abstract

Context. Gaia Early Data Release 3 ( Gaia EDR3) contains results for 1.812 billion sources in the magnitude range G = 3–21 based on observations collected by the European Space Agency Gaia satellite during the first 34 months of its operational phase. Aims. We describe the input data, the models, and the processing used for the astrometric content of Gaia EDR3, as well as the validation of these results performed within the astrometry task. Methods. The processing broadly followed the same procedures as for Gaia DR2, but with significant improvements to the modelling of observations. For the first time in the Gaia data processing, colour-dependent calibrations of the line- and point-spread functions have been used for sources with well-determined colours from DR2. In the astrometric processing these sources obtained five-parameter solutions, whereas other sources were processed using a special calibration that allowed a pseudocolour to be estimated as the sixth astrometric parameter. Compared with DR2, the astrometric calibration models have been extended, and the spin-related distortion model includes a self-consistent determination of basic-angle variations, improving the global parallax zero point. Results. Gaia EDR3 gives full astrometric data (positions at epoch J2016.0, parallaxes, and proper motions) for 1.468 billion sources (585 millionwith five-parameter solutions, 882 million with six parameters), and mean positions at J2016.0 for an additional 344 million.Solutions with five parameters are generally more accurate than six-parameter solutions, and are available for 93% of the sources brighter than the 17th magnitude. The median uncertainty in parallax and annual proper motion is 0.02–0.03 mas at magnitude G = 9–14, and around 0.5 mas at G = 20. Extensive characterisation of the statistical properties of the solutions is provided, including the estimated angular power spectrum of parallax bias from the quasars.

Authors 97

1. L. Lindegren

   Lund University

   Affiliation as printed

   Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

2. S. A. Klioner

   Technische Universität Dresden

   Affiliation as printed

   Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

3. J. Hernández

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

4. A. Bombrun

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

5. M. Ramos-Lerate

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   Vitrociset Belgium for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

6. Hagen Steidelmüller

   Technische Universität Dresden

   Affiliation as printed

   Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

7. U. Bastian

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

8. M. Biermann

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

9. A. de Torres

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

10. E. Gerlach

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

11. R. Geyer

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

12. T. Hilger

    Technische Universität Dresden

    Affiliation as printed

    Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany

13. D. Hobbs

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

14. Uwe Lammers

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

15. P. J. McMillan

    Lund University

    Affiliation as printed

    Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

16. C. A. Stephenson

    European Space Agency

    Affiliation as printed

    Telespazio Vega UK Ltd for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

17. J. Castañeda

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

18. M. Davidson

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

19. C. Fabricius

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

20. G. Gracia-Abril

    Heidelberg University · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

21. J. Portell

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

22. N. Rowell

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

23. D. Teyssier

    European Space Agency

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    Telespazio Vega UK Ltd for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

24. F. Torra

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    DAPCOM for Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

25. Santiago Bartolomé

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

26. Marcial Clotet

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

27. N. Garralda

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

28. J. J. González-Vidal

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

29. J. Torra

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

30. Ummi Abbas

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

31. M. Altmann

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Heidelberg University · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

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    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

32. E. Anglada Varela

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

33. L. Balaguer-Núñez

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

34. Z. Balog

    Heidelberg University · Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

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    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

35. C. Barache

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

    Affiliation as printed

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

36. U. Becciani

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

37. Marcel Bernet

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

38. S. Bertone

    Goddard Space Flight Center · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Maryland, Baltimore County

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore MD, USA

    GSFC – Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 698, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, 20771 MD Greenbelt, USA

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

39. L. Bianchi

    Eurix (Italy)

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    EURIX S.r.l., Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 61, 10128 Torino, Italy

40. S. Bouquillon

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

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    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

41. A. G. A. Brown Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

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    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands

42. B. Bucciarelli

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

43. D. Busonero

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

44. Alexey G. Butkevich

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

45. Raffaella Buzzi

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

46. R. Cancelliere

    University of Turin

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    University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino, Italy

47. T. Carlucci

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

    Affiliation as printed

    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

48. P. Charlot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux

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    Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France

49. Maria-Rosa L. Cioni

    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam

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    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany

50. Mariateresa Crosta

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

51. Cian M. Crowley

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

52. E. F. del Peloso

    Heidelberg University

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    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

53. E. del Pozo

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

54. R. Drimmel

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

55. Pilar Esquej

    European Space Agency

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    RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

56. A. Fienga

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Université de Lille · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur · Géoazur · Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides

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    IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Géoazur, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

57. E. Fraile

    European Space Agency

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    RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

58. M. Gai

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

59. M. Garcia-Reinaldos

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

60. R. Guerra

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

61. N. C. Hambly

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

62. M. Häuser

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · TRUMPF (Germany)

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    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

    TRUMPF Photonic Components GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Straße 13, 89081 Ulm, Germany

63. K. Janßen

    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam

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    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany

64. Stefan Jordan

    Heidelberg University

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    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

65. Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska Aachen Leiden Observatory Netherlands Institute for Space Research

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

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    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands

    SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584CA Utrecht, The Netherlands

66. M. G. Lattanzi

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    University of Turin, Department of Physics, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

67. S. Liao

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

68. E. Licata

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

69. Tim A. Lister

    Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network

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    Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA

70. W. Löffler

    Heidelberg University

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    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

71. J. M. Marchant

    Liverpool John Moores University

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    Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

72. A. Masip

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

73. F. Mignard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

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    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

74. Alexey Mints

    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam

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    Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany

75. D. Molina

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

76. A. Mora

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

77. R. Morbidelli

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

78. C. P. Murphy

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

79. Claudio Pagani

    University of Leicester

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    School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

80. P. Panuzzo

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique et Instrumentation

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    GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

81. X. Peñalosa Esteller

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

82. E. Poggio

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

83. P. Re Fiorentin

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

84. Alberto Riva

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

85. A. Sagristà Sellés

    Heidelberg University

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    Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

86. V. Sanchez Gimenez

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

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    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

87. Maria Sarasso

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

88. ‬‬‬‬‬‬Eva Sciacca

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy

89. H. I. Siddiqui

    Princeton University

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    Department of Astrophysical Sciences, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA

90. Richard L. Smart

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

91. D. Souami

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · University of Namur · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique

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    LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France

    naXys, University of Namur, Rempart de la Vierge, 5000 Namur, Belgium

92. Alessandro Spagna

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

93. Iain A. Steele

    Liverpool John Moores University

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    Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

94. F. Taris

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace · Laboratoire Temps Espace

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    SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire 75014 Paris, France

95. E. Utrilla

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

96. W. van Reeven

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

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    Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

97. Alberto Vecchiato

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy