Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 711, pp. A18

Abstract

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are an important phase in galaxy evolution. However, they can be difficult to identify due to their varied observational signatures. Furthermore, to understand the impact of an AGN on its host galaxy, it is important to quantify the strength of the AGN with respect to the host galaxy. We developed a deep learning (DL) model to identify AGN in imaging data by deriving the contribution of the central point source. The model was trained with Euclidised mock galaxy images in which we artificially injected different levels of AGN, in the form of varying contributions of the point spread function (PSF). Our DL-based method can precisely and accurately recover the injected AGN contribution fraction, f PSF , with a mean difference between the predicted and true f PSF of −0.0078 and an overall root mean square error of 0.051. With this new method, we move beyond the simplistic AGN versus non-AGN classification and are able to precisely quantify the AGN contribution and study galaxy evolution across a continuous spectrum of AGN activity. We applied our method to a stellar-mass-limited sample (with M * ≥ 10 9.8 M ⊙ and 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 2.0 ) selected from the first Euclid quick data release (Q1) and, using a threshold of f PSF > 0.2, we identified 61 432 ± 70 AGN over 63.1 deg 2 (9.8 ± 0.1% of our sample). We compared these DL-selected AGN with AGN selected in the X-ray, mid-infrared (MIR), and via optical spectroscopy and investigated their overlapping fractions depending on different thresholds on the PSF contribution. We find that the overlap increases with increasing X-ray or bolometric AGN luminosity. We observe a positive correlation between the luminosity in the I E filter of the AGN and the host galaxy stellar mass, suggesting that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) generally grow faster (in absolute terms, i.e. the luminosity of the PSF component is larger) in more massive galaxies. Moreover, the mean relative contribution of the AGN is higher in the quiescent galaxy population than in the star-forming population. In terms of absolute power, starburst galaxies, as well as the most massive galaxies (across the star-formation main sequence), tend to host the most luminous AGN, indicating concomitant assembly of the SMBH and the host galaxy.

Authors 90

1. Berta Margalef-Bentabol Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

2. L. Wang Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

3. Antonio La Marca Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

4. Vicente Rodríguez-Gómez

   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

5. A. Humphrey

   Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto · DTX Digital Transformation CoLAB · University of Minho

   Affiliation as printed

   DTx – Digital Transformation CoLAB, Building 1, Azurém Campus, University of Minho

   Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas

6. S. Fotopoulou

   University of Bristol

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol

7. Yoshiki Toba

   Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Ritsumeikan University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Academia Sinica

   Affiliation as printed

   Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA)

   Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu

   National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

8. Mar Mezcua

   Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC

   Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB

9. W. Roster

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

10. Johan H. Knapen

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

11. M. Siudek

    Institute of Space Sciences · Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)

12. F. Shankar

    University of Southampton

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus

13. T. Matamoro Zatarain

    University of Bristol

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol

14. Luigi Spinoglio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

15. R. Kondapally

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill

16. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

17. B Altieri

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

18. A Amara

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford

19. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

20. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

21. Hervé Aussel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM

22. Carlo Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies

23. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

24. A. Balestra

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

25. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

26. A. Biviano

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

27. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

28. E. Branchini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

    INFN-Sezione di Genova

29. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

30. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas

31. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    INFN-Sezione di Torino

32. G Cañas-Herrera Aachen Institute Lorentz Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC

    Institute Lorentz, Leiden University

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

33. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

34. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

35. J. Carretero

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB

36. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University

37. M Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

38. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

39. S. Cavuoti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

    INFN section of Naples

40. K. C. Chambers

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

41. A. Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

42. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

43. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill

44. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

45. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

    European Space Agency/ESRIN

46. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

47. A. Costille

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM

48. F Courbin

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)

49. Hélène M. Courtois

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon

50. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking

51. A da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande

52. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

53. G. De Lucia

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

54. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

55. C. Dolding

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking

56. Herve A. Dole

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

57. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

58. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

59. X. Dupac

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

60. A. Ealet

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

61. S. Escoffier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

62. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

63. R. Farinelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

64. F Faustini

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency

65. S Ferriol

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

66. Fabio Finelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Bologna

67. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

68. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

69. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

70. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill

71. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

72. P. Gómez-Álvarez

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

    FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2

73. Javier Graciá-Carpio

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

74. B. R. Granett

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

75. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

76. Frank Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

77. Stephen Gwyn

    Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics · National Research Council Canada

    Affiliation as printed

    NRC Herzberg

78. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

79. W. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

80. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University

81. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

    Technical University of Denmark

82. Patrick Hudelot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université

83. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

84. Murzban D. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

85. Elina Keihänen

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics

86. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

87. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

88. Bogna Kubik

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

89. M Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

90. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics