Euclid : Quick Data Release (Q1) – The connection between galaxy close encounters and radio activity

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 711, pp. A40

Abstract

Using the vast statistics provided by both Euclid and the LOFAR surveys, we present the first large-scale study of the connection among radio emission, its morphology, and the merging properties of the hosts of radio sources up to z ∼ 2. By dividing the radio sample into active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and star-forming galaxies, we find that radio-emitting AGNs show a clear preference for residing within galaxies undergoing a merging event. This is more significant for AGNs that present complex or extended radio emission; indeed, about half of them are associated with merging systems, while only ∼15% are hosted by a non-interacting galaxy. The observed trend is primarily driven by AGNs residing at z < 1, especially in the case of high – P 144 MHz > 10 24 W Hz −1 sr −1 – radio luminosities (∼56% in mergers versus ∼10% in non-mergers regardless of radio appearance). On the other hand, this preference seems to disappear at higher redshifts, where only bright AGNs with extended radio emission still prefer galaxies undergoing a merging event. The situation is reversed in the case of radio-emitting star-forming galaxies, which are preferentially associated with non-interacting systems. This is more significant as we move towards low-radio-luminosity/star-formation objects ( P 144 MHz < 10 23 W Hz −1 sr −1 ) for which we find ∼40% in non-mergers versus ∼20% in mergers. These values hold regardless of redshift. We interpreted the above result for AGNs with their need to accrete outer gas from local encounters in order to trigger (radio) activity, especially in the case of extended radio emission such as hot spots and lobes. This is mostly observed at z < 1, since galaxies in the local Universe are more gas deprived than their higher redshift counterparts. Internal gas reservoirs instead seem sufficient to trigger star formation within the majority of galaxies, which indeed mostly appear as non-interacting systems at all redshifts probed.

Authors 100

1. M. Magliocchetti

   Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

2. Antonio La Marca Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

3. L Bisigello

   Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

4. M. Bondi

   Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia

5. Federica Ricci

   Roma Tre University · Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

6. S. Fotopoulou

   University of Bristol

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol

7. L. L. Wang Aachen SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

8. R. Scaramella

   Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

   INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi

9. L Pentericci

   Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

10. Isabella Prandoni

    Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia

11. Jenny G. Sorce

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Lille · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale · Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille · Centrale Lille Institut

    Affiliation as printed

    Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

12. H. J. A. Rottgering Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

13. M. J. Hardcastle

    University of Hertfordshire

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane

14. J. W. Petley Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

15. Fabio La Franca

    Roma Tre University · Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

16. K. Rubinur

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

17. Yoshiki Toba

    Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Ritsumeikan University · Academia Sinica

    Affiliation as printed

    Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), 11F of ASMAB, No. 1, Section 4

    Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu

18. Y. Zhong

    Roma Tre University · Waseda University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University

    Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University

19. Mar Mezcua

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB

20. G. Zamorani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

21. F. Shankar

    University of Southampton

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus

22. B. Altieri

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

23. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

24. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

25. Carlo Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies

26. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

27. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

28. A. Biviano

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

29. E. Branchini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

    INFN-Sezione di Genova

30. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

31. J. Brinchmann

    European Southern Observatory · Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto · European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory

    Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP

32. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    INFN-Sezione di Torino

33. G Cañas-Herrera Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

34. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

35. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

36. J. Carretero

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB

37. M Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

38. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

39. S. Cavuoti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

    INFN section of Naples

40. K. C. Chambers

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

41. A. Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

42. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

43. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill

44. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

45. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

    European Space Agency/ESRIN

46. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

47. A. Costille

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM

48. F. Courbin

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institute of Space Sciences · Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)

    Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)

49. Hélène M. Courtois

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon

50. M. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London

51. A da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande

52. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

53. G. De Lucia

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

54. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

55. H. Dole

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

56. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

57. C. A. J. Duncan

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill

58. X. Dupac

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

59. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova

60. S. Escoffier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

61. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

62. R. Farinelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

63. F Faustini

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency

64. S Ferriol

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

65. Fabio Finelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Bologna

66. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

67. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

68. P. Franzetti

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

69. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

70. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

71. Koshy George

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics

72. B. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill

73. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

74. Javier Graciá-Carpio

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

75. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

76. F. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

77. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

78. J. Hoar

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA

79. W. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

80. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University

81. F. Hormuth
    Affiliation as printed

    Felix Hormuth Engineering

82. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

    Technical University of Denmark

83. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

84. M. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

85. B Joachimi

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London

86. Elina Keihänen

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki

87. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

88. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

89. Bogna Kubik

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

90. M Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

91. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Helsinki

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki

92. Amandine M. C. Le Brun

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d'Étude de l'Univers et des Phénomènes Extrêmes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS

93. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

94. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

95. V. Lindholm

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, University of Helsinki

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki

96. Ivan Lloro

    SKA Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    SKAO, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington

97. Gabriele Mainetti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS

98. Davide Maino

    University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano

    INAF-IASF Milano

    INFN-Sezione di Milano

99. E. Maiorano

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

100. O. Mansutti

     Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

     Affiliation as printed

     INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste