Echo planar imaging–induced errors in intracardiac 4D flow MRI quantification
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 87, pp. 2398–2411
Abstract
PURPOSE: To assess errors associated with EPI-accelerated intracardiac 4D flow MRI (4DEPI) with EPI factor 5, compared with non-EPI gradient echo (4DGRE). METHODS: Three 3T MRI experiments were performed comparing 4DEPI to 4DGRE: steady flow through straight tubes, pulsatile flow in a left-ventricle phantom, and intracardiac flow in 10 healthy volunteers. For each experiment, 4DEPI was repeated with readout and blip phase-encoding gradient in different orientations, parallel or perpendicular to the flow direction. In vitro flow rates were compared with timed volumetric collection. In the left-ventricle phantom and in vivo, voxel-based speed and spatio-temporal median speed were compared between sequences, as well as mitral and aortic transvalvular net forward volume. RESULTS: In steady-flow phantoms, the flow rate error was largest (12%) for high velocity (>2 m/s) with 4DEPI readout gradient parallel to the flow. Voxel-based speed and median speed in the left-ventricle phantom were ≤5.5% different between sequences. In vivo, mean net forward volume inconsistency was largest (6.4 ± 8.5%) for 4DEPI with nonblip phase-encoding gradient parallel to the main flow. The difference in median speed for 4DEPI versus 4DGRE was largest (9%) when the 4DEPI readout gradient was parallel to the flow. CONCLUSIONS: Velocity and flow rate are inaccurate for 4DEPI with EPI factor 5 when flow is parallel to the readout or blip phase-encoding gradient. However, mean differences in flow rate, voxel-based speed, and spatio-temporal median speed were acceptable (≤10%) when comparing 4DEPI to 4DGRE for intracardiac flow in healthy volunteers.
Authors 11
-
Jos J.M. Westenberg corresponding Aachen CardioVascular Imaging Group (CVIG) Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CardioVascular Imaging Group Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
CardioVascular Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
-
Hans C. van Assen Aachen CardioVascular Imaging Group (CVIG) Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CardioVascular Imaging Group Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
CardioVascular Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
-
Jelle J. Goeman Aachen Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands Department of Biomedical Data Sciences
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Institute Biomedical Technology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Engineering Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Engineering Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
-
Delft University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemical Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands
Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of MR R&D‐Clinical Science Philips Best the Netherlands
Department of MR R&D‐Clinical Science Philips Best the Netherlands
-
Hildo J. Lamb Aachen CardioVascular Imaging Group (CVIG) Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CardioVascular Imaging Group Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
CardioVascular Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Cited by 16 stored of 16
16 results
No patents citing this paper on Lens.org (checked 2026-10-11).