4D Flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance consensus statement: 2023 update
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, vol. 25, pp. 40
Abstract
Hemodynamic assessment is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. Four-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance flow imaging (4D Flow CMR) allows comprehensive and accurate assessment of flow in a single acquisition. This consensus paper is an update from the 2015 '4D Flow CMR Consensus Statement'. We elaborate on 4D Flow CMR sequence options and imaging considerations. The document aims to assist centers starting out with 4D Flow CMR of the heart and great vessels with advice on acquisition parameters, post-processing workflows and integration into clinical practice. Furthermore, we define minimum quality assurance and validation standards for clinical centers. We also address the challenges faced in quality assurance and validation in the research setting. We also include a checklist for recommended publication standards, specifically for 4D Flow CMR. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and the future of 4D Flow CMR. This updated consensus paper will further facilitate widespread adoption of 4D Flow CMR in the clinical workflow across the globe and aid consistently high-quality publication standards.
Authors 41
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Malenka M. Bissell corresponding
Affiliation as printed
Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK. m.m.bissell@leeds.ac.uk
Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
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Meyer Children's Hospital · University of Florence
Affiliation as printed
Children's Hospital Meyer, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica
Affiliation as printed
Foundation CNR Tuscany Region G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
Institute of Clinical Physiology CNR, Massa, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Children's Hospital Colorado · University of Colorado Anschutz
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, USA
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Linköping University · University of California, San Francisco
Affiliation as printed
Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
Foundation CNR Tuscany Region G. Monasterio, Massa, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein · University of Lübeck
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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University Children's Hospital Zurich
Affiliation as printed
Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf · German Centre for Cardiovascular Research · Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Affiliation as printed
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
Institute of Computer-Assisted Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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University of California, San Francisco
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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University of California San Diego
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
Affiliation as printed
Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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ETH Zurich · Institute for Biomedical Engineering
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hospital de Santa Cruz · Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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University of Wisconsin–Madison · University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein · University of Lübeck
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam · University Medical Center Utrecht · Amsterdam University Medical Centers · Wilhelmina Children's Hospital · Amsterdam Movement Sciences · Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Northwestern University · Lurie Children's Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red · Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-CV, CIBER CV, Madrid, Spain
Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron,Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Leiden University Medical Center · Willem-Alexander Kinderziekenhuis
Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Willem-Alexander's Children Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center and Center for Congenital Heart Defects Amsterdam-Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
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Mechanical Engineering and Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Northwestern University · Universität Greifswald
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile · University of Valparaíso
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Millennium Institute for Intelligent Healthcare Engineering - iHEALTH, Santiago, Chile
School of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Affiliation as printed
Département de Radiologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Stanford Medicine · Stanford University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lund University · Skåne University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Physiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Rob J. van der Geest Aachen Division of Image Processing Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jos J.M. Westenberg Aachen CardioVascular Imaging Group (CVIG) Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
CardioVascular Imaging Group (CVIG), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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National University of Singapore · National University Heart Centre Singapore · Duke-NUS Medical School · National Heart Centre Singapore
Affiliation as printed
National Heart Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Shanghai Children's Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated With Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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University of Wisconsin–Madison
Affiliation as printed
Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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