Vector-apodizing phase plate coronagraph: design, current performance, and future development [Invited]

Applied Optics, vol. 60, pp. D52

Abstract

Over the last decade, the vector-apodizing phase plate (vAPP) coronagraph has been developed from concept to on-sky application in many high-contrast imaging systems on 8 m class telescopes. The vAPP is a geometric-phase patterned coronagraph that is inherently broadband, and its manufacturing is enabled only by direct-write technology for liquid-crystal patterns. The vAPP generates two coronagraphic point spread functions (PSFs) that cancel starlight on opposite sides of the PSF and have opposite circular polarization states. The efficiency, that is, the amount of light in these PSFs, depends on the retardance offset from a half-wave of the liquid-crystal retarder. Using different liquid-crystal recipes to tune the retardance, different vAPPs operate with high efficiencies (${\gt}96\%$) in the visible and thermal infrared (0.55 µm to 5 µm). Since 2015, seven vAPPs have been installed in a total of six different instruments, including Magellan/MagAO, Magellan/MagAO-X, Subaru/SCExAO, and LBT/LMIRcam. Using two integral field spectrographs installed on the latter two instruments, these vAPPs can provide low-resolution spectra (${\rm{R}} \sim 30$) between 1 µm and 5 µm. We review the design process, development, commissioning, on-sky performance, and first scientific results of all commissioned vAPPs. We report on the lessons learned and conclude with perspectives for future developments and applications.

Authors 10

1. Jayne Birkby

   University of Amsterdam

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Amsterdam

2. Katie M. Morzinski

   University of Arizona

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Arizona

3. Olivier Guyon

   University of Arizona · National Institutes of Natural Sciences

   Affiliation as printed

   National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)

   University of Arizona

4. Simon Thibault

   Université Laval

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Laval

5. Guillaume Allain

   Université Laval

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Laval

6. Andrew J. I. Skemer
   Affiliation as printed

   University of California

7. Adrian Michael Glauser

   Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

8. Pierre Baudoz

   Université Paris Sciences et Lettres

   Affiliation as printed

   Université PSL

9. Elsa Huby

   Université Paris Sciences et Lettres

   Affiliation as printed

   Université PSL

10. Olivier Absil

    University of Liège

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Liège