PENELLOPE: The ESO data legacy program to complement the Hubble UV Legacy Library of Young Stars (ULLYSES)
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 650, pp. A196
Abstract
The evolution of young stars and disks is driven by the interplay of several processes, notably the accretion and ejection of material. These processes, critical to correctly describe the conditions of planet formation, are best probed spectroscopically. Between 2020 and 2022, about 500orbits of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) are being devoted in to the ULLYSES public survey of about 70 low-mass (M⋆ ≤ 2 M⊙) young (age < 10 Myr) stars at UV wavelengths. Here, we present the PENELLOPE Large Program carried out with the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) with the aim of acquiring, contemporaneously to the HST, optical ESPRESSO/UVES high-resolution spectra for the purpose of investigating the kinematics of the emitting gas, along with UV-to-NIR X-shooter medium-resolution flux-calibrated spectra to provide the fundamental parameters that HST data alone cannot provide, such as extinction and stellar properties. The data obtained by PENELLOPE have no proprietary time and the fully reduced spectra are being made available to the whole community. Here, we describe the data and the first scientific analysis of the accretion properties for the sample of 13 targets located in the Orion OB1 association and in the σ-Orionis cluster, observed in November–December 2020. We find that the accretion rates are in line with those observed previously in similarly young star-forming regions, with a variability on a timescale of days (≲3). The comparison of the fits to the continuum excess emission obtained with a slab model on the X-shooter spectra and the HST/STIS spectra shows a shortcoming in the X-shooter estimates of ≲10%, which is well within the assumed uncertainty. Its origin can be either due to an erroneous UV extinction curve or to the simplicity of the modeling and, thus, this question will form the basis of the investigation undertaken over the course of the PENELLOPE program. The combined ULLYSES and PENELLOPE data will be key in attaining a better understanding of the accretion and ejection mechanisms in young stars.
Authors 71
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
-
Affiliation as printed
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Blvd, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA
-
Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network
Affiliation as printed
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
-
Affiliation as printed
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan 5, Haidian Qu, 100871 Beijing, PR China
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
-
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astronomía, UNAM, Campus Ensenada, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada km 103, 22860 Ensenada, BC, Mexico
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
-
Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
-
Space Telescope Science Institute
Affiliation as printed
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
-
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab, Casilla, 603 La Serena, Chile
Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab, Casilla, 603 La Serena, Chile
-
Affiliation as printed
SUPA, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
-
Affiliation as printed
SUPA, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
-
Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies
Affiliation as printed
School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
-
Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi, 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, Italy
-
Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · Max Planck Institute for Astronomy · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network
Affiliation as printed
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
-
Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network
Affiliation as printed
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
-
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia, 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
-
Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
-
Space Telescope Science Institute
Affiliation as printed
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
-
Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi, 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Texas State University, 749 N Comanche Street, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
-
Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
-
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
-
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères
Affiliation as printed
Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERMA, 61 Av. de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERMA, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
-
University College Dublin · Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies
Affiliation as printed
School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
-
University College Dublin · Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies
Affiliation as printed
School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
-
Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
-
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble · Université Grenoble Alpes
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
-
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Affiliation as printed
Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany
-
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Universität Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximillian-Universität, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Department of Astronomy, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
-
University College Dublin · European Southern Observatory
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Chinese Academy of Sciences · Purple Mountain Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
-
Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
-
Space Telescope Science Institute
Affiliation as printed
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
-
University of Colorado Boulder · Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
-
Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP & DFA/FCUP, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
-
University College Dublin · Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies
Affiliation as printed
School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
-
Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
-
Affiliation as printed
Sterrenkundig Instituut Anton Pannekoek, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
-
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 298409 Nauchny, Crimea
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
-
California Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
-
European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre
Affiliation as printed
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
-
Millenium Nucleus for Planet Formation · University of Valparaíso
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, 5030 Casilla, Valparaíso, Chile
Núcleo Milenio de Formación Planetaria – NPF, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
-
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · European Space Astronomy Centre · Centro de Astrobiología
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Departamento de Astrofísica, ESA-ESAC Campus, PO Box 78 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
-
University College Dublin · Dublin Institute For Advanced Studies
Affiliation as printed
School of Cosmic Physics, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
-
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
-
Leiden University · University of Leicester · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
-
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
-
Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
-
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
-
Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo · University of Tübingen
Affiliation as printed
Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
INF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy
-
European Southern Observatory · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi, 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
-
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
-
Armagh Observatory & Planetarium
Affiliation as printed
Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, UK
-
Affiliation as printed
Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
-
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA
-
Eötvös Loránd University · Konkoly Observatory · HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences · Hungarian Research Network
Affiliation as printed
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
Cited by 77 stored of 77
No patents citing this paper on Lens.org (checked 2026-10-11).