SOFIA FEEDBACK Survey: The Eagle Nebula in [C ii ] and Molecular Lines

The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 995, pp. 196

Abstract

Abstract We characterize the physical conditions and energy budget of the M16 H ii region using Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy FEEDBACK observations of the [C ii ] 158 μ m line. The O stars in the ∼10 4 M ⊙ NGC 6611 cluster powering this H ii region have blown at least two cavities into the giant molecular cloud: the large M16 cavity and the small N19 bubble. We detect the spectroscopic signature of an expanding photodissociation region shell toward N19, and traces of a thin, fragmented expanding shell toward M16. Our [C ii ] observations are resolved to 0.5 km s −1 and 15 . ″ 5 and analyzed alongside similarly resolved CO J = 3–2 observations as well as archival data ranging from the radio to X-ray tracing a variety of gas phases spanning dense ∼10 K molecular gas, 10 4 K photoionized gas, and 1,000,000 K collisionally ionized plasma. With this dataset, we evaluate the coupling of energetic feedback from NGC 6611 and the O9 V star within N19 to the surrounding gas. Winds from NGC 6611 have blown a 20 pc radius cavity constrained in size along the major axis of the natal giant molecular filament, and much of the mechanical wind energy (>90%) has escaped through breaches in the ≲10 4 M ⊙ shell. Reservoirs of dense gas remain within a few parsecs of the cluster. N19, younger than M16 by ≳10 6 yr, is driven by a combination of mechanical wind energy and thermal pressure from photoionized gas and has swept up ∼10 3 M ⊙ into neutral atomic and molecular shells.

Authors 17

1. R. Karim corresponding

   University of Maryland, College Park

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Room 1113 PSC Bldg. 415, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA

2. Marc W. Pound corresponding

   University of Maryland, College Park

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Room 1113 PSC Bldg. 415, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA

3. Alexander G. G. M. Tielens corresponding

   University of Maryland, College Park

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Room 1113 PSC Bldg. 415, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA

4. Jelle S. Kaastra corresponding Aachen Leiden Observatory SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

   Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

   SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands

5. Leisa K. Townsley corresponding

   Pennsylvania State University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

6. Patrick S. Broos corresponding

   Pennsylvania State University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA

7. M. Tiwari corresponding

   Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy · University of Maryland, College Park

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Auf dem Hügel, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

   University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Room 1113 PSC Bldg. 415, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA

8. Lars Bonne corresponding

   Ames Research Center

   Affiliation as printed

   SOFIA Science Center, USRA, NASA Ames Research Center, M.S. N232-12, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

9. Ü. Kavak corresponding Aachen Leiden Observatory

   Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

10. M. G. Wolfire corresponding

    University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Room 1113 PSC Bldg. 415, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA

11. Nicola Schneider corresponding

    University of Cologne

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany

12. Robert Simon corresponding

    University of Cologne

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany

13. R. Güsten corresponding

    Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Auf dem Hügel, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

14. JÜRGEN STUTZKI corresponding

    University of Cologne

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany

15. Oliver Ricken corresponding

    Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Auf dem Hügel, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

16. F. Wyrowski corresponding

    Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Auf dem Hügel, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

17. Lee G. Mundy corresponding

    University of Maryland, College Park

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, Room 1113 PSC Bldg. 415, College Park, MD 20742-2421, USA