Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1)
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 711, pp. A29
Abstract
Strong gravitational-lensing systems with multiple source planes are powerful tools for probing the density profiles and dark matter substructure of galaxies. The ratio of the Einstein radii is related to the dark energy equation of state through the cosmological scaling factor β . Galaxy-scale double-source-plane lenses (DSPLs) are extremely rare, however. We report the discovery of four new galaxy-scale DSPL candidates in the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1) data. These systems were initially identified through a combination of machine-learning lens-finding models and subsequent visual inspection from citizens and experts. We applied the widel -used LensPop lens-forecasting model to predict that the full Euclid survey will discover 1700 DSPLs. This scales to 6 ± 3 DSPLs in 63 deg 2 , which is the area of Q1. The number of discoveries in this work is broadly consistent with this forecast. We present lens models for each DSPL and infer their β values. Our initial Q1 sample demonstrates that Euclid promises to discover these rare objects.
Authors 87
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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University of Manchester · University of Toronto
Affiliation as printed
David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland · University of Portsmouth
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering
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Affiliation as printed
School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Aix-Marseille Université
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Oxford University
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National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Milan
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano
INAF-IASF Milano
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Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona · Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
Affiliation as printed
Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Oxford University
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny
SCITAS, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
Affiliation as printed
Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physical Sciences, The Open University
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Affiliation as printed
STAR Institute, University of Liège
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University
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Durham University · University of Liège
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University
Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University
STAR Institute, University of Liège
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
Affiliation as printed
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale
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Affiliation as printed
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Brera Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
INFN, Sezione di Trieste
SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Institut de Physique Théorique
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
Affiliation as printed
IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Genoa · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · Brera Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
INFN-Sezione di Genova
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National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Naples Federico II · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
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Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto
Affiliation as printed
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
INFN-Sezione di Torino
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Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre
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European Space Agency/ESTEC
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-IASF Milano
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Astronomical Observatory of Rome
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
INFN-Sezione di Roma
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas · Port d'Informació Científica
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)
Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte
INFN section of Naples
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University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
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University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
Affiliation as printed
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon
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UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon
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Affiliation as printed
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London
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University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory
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INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology
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INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Affiliation as printed
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva
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Affiliation as printed
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille
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Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology
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INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · Astronomical Observatory of Rome
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INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Bologna
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory
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INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille
Affiliation as printed
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM
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University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna
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INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna
INFN-Sezione di Bologna
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
Affiliation as printed
ESAC/ESA
FRACTAL S.L.N.E
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Brera Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera
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National Institute for Astrophysics · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Lancaster University
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Affiliation as printed
Felix Hormuth Engineering
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Technical University of Denmark
Affiliation as printed
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)
Technical University of Denmark
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