Euclid preparation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 698, pp. A14

Abstract

The intracluster light (ICL) permeating galaxy clusters is a tracer of the cluster assembly history and potentially a tracer of their dark matter structure. In this work, we explore the capability of the Euclid Wide Survey to detect ICL using HE-band mock images. We simulated clusters across a range of redshifts (0.3–1.8) and halo masses (1013.9–1015.0 M⊙) using an observationally motivated model of ICL. We identified a 50–200 kpc circular annulus around the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in which the signal-to-noise ratio of the ICL is maximised and used the S/N within this aperture as our figure of merit for ICL detection. We compared three state-of-the-art methods for ICL detection and found that a method that performs simple aperture photometry after high-surface brightness source masking is able to detect ICL with minimal bias for clusters more massive than 1014.2 M⊙. The S/N of the ICL detection is primarily limited by the redshift of the cluster, which is driven by cosmological dimming rather than the mass of the cluster. Assuming the ICL in each cluster contains 15% of the stellar light, we forecast that Euclid will be able to measure the presence of ICL in up to ∼80 000 clusters of >1014.2 M⊙ between z = 0.3 and 1.5 with an S/N>3. Half of these clusters will reside below z = 0.75, and the majority of those below z = 0.6 will be detected with an S/N>20. A few thousand clusters at 1.3<z<1.5 will have ICL detectable with an S/N >3. The surface brightness profile of the ICL model is strongly dependent on both the mass of the cluster and the redshift at which it is observed so that the outer ICL is best observed in the most massive clusters of >1014.7 M⊙. Euclid will detect the ICL at a distance of more than 500 kpc from the BCG, up to z = 0.7, in several hundred of these massive clusters over its large survey volume.

Authors 98

1. Callum Bellhouse

   University of Nottingham

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

2. Jesse B. Golden-Marx

   University of Nottingham

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

3. S. P. Bamford

   University of Nottingham

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

4. N. A. Hatch

   University of Nottingham

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

5. Marcel Kluge

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

6. A. Ellien

   Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

   Affiliation as printed

   OCA, P.H.C, Boulevard de l’Observatoire CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

   LAGRANGE - Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (Boulevard de l'Observatoire B.P. 4229 06304 Nice Cedex 04 - France - France)

7. Syeda Lammim Ahad

   University of Waterloo

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada

   Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada

8. Paola Dimauro

   National Institute for Astrophysics · Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

   Observatorio Nacional, Rua General Jose Cristino, 77-Bairro Imperial de Sao Cristovao, Rio de Janeiro, 20921-400, Brazil

9. F. Durret

   Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France

   IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

10. A.H. Gonzalez

    University of Florida

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Bryant Space Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

11. Yolanda Jiménez-Teja

    National Observatory · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, 18080, Granada, Spain

    Observatorio Nacional, Rua General Jose Cristino, 77-Bairro Imperial de Sao Cristovao, Rio de Janeiro, 20921-400, Brazil

12. Mireia Montes

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias · Institute of Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

13. Mauro Sereno

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

14. E. Slezak

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur · Lagrange Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

    LAGRANGE - Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (Boulevard de l'Observatoire B.P. 4229 06304 Nice Cedex 04 - France - France)

15. M. Bolzonella

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

16. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

17. O. Cucciati

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

18. G. De Lucia

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

19. Zohreh Ghaffari

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

20. Lauro Moscardini

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

21. R. Pelló

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

    LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (Pôle de l'Étoile Site de Château-Gombert 38, rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie 13388 Marseille cedex 13 - France)

22. Lucia Pozzetti

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

23. T. Saifollahi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France

    ObAS - Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (11 Rue de l'université 67000 STRASBOURG - France)

24. Alejandro S. Borlaff

    Ames Research Center · Bay Area Environmental Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA

    NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

25. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France

    IAS - Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (Bâtiment 121 91405 ORSAY CEDEX - France)

26. B Altieri

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

27. A Amara

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK

28. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

29. C. Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy

30. Marco Baldi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

31. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

32. Alberto Basset

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Centre d'Études Spatiales de la Biosphère

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse - France)

33. Paola Maria Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

34. Ralf Bender

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

35. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

36. E. Branchini

    University of Genoa · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy

37. M. Brescia

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN Section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

38. Amandine Caillat

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

    LAM - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (Pôle de l'Étoile Site de Château-Gombert 38, rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie 13388 Marseille cedex 13 - France)

39. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

40. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

41. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

42. V. F. Cardone

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Astronomical Observatory of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy

43. J. Carretero

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

44. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University · University of Portsmouth

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

45. M Castellano

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Astronomical Observatory of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

46. S. Cavuoti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN Section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

47. A Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

48. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

49. G. Congedo

    University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

50. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

51. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy

52. Y. Copin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

53. F Courbin

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona · Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

54. Hélène M. Courtois

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

55. J.-C. Cuillandre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

56. A. Da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

57. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

58. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

59. J. Dinis

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

60. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

61. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

62. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

63. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

64. Maria Farina

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

65. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

66. F Faustini

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · Astronomical Observatory of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

67. S Ferriol

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

68. S. Fotopoulou

    University of Bristol

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK

69. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

70. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

71. M Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

72. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

73. Koshy George

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

74. Gillis B

    University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

75. C. Giocoli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

76. P Gómez-Álvarez

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    FRACTAL S.L.N.E., Calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain

77. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

78. Frank U. Grupp

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

79. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

80. Henk Hoekstra

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands

81. Mark Holliman

    University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

82. W. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

83. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK

84. F. Hormuth
    Affiliation as printed

    Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany

85. Allan Hornstrup

    University of Copenhagen · Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark

    Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

86. Patrick Hudelot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

87. Murzban D. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

88. Elina Keihänen

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströminkatu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

89. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

    CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (163, avenue de Luminy - Case 902 - 13288 Marseille cedex 09 - France)

90. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

91. M. Kilbinger

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

92. Bogna Kubik

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

93. M. Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

94. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

95. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströminkatu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

96. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

97. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

98. V. Lindholm

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströminkatu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland