Euclid preparation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 707, pp. A229

Abstract

Local Universe dwarf galaxies can serve as both cosmological and mass assembly probes. Deep surveys have enabled the study of these objects down to the low surface brightness (LSB) regime. In this paper, we estimate Euclid ’s dwarf detection capabilities as well as limits of its MERge processing function (MER pipeline), which is responsible for producing the stacked mosaics and final catalogues. To do this, we injected mock dwarf galaxies in a real Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) field in the VIS band and compared the input catalogue to the final MER catalogue. The mock dwarf galaxies were generated using simple Sérsic models with structural parameters (including size and surface brightness) drawn from observed dwarf galaxy catalogues. These simulations represent an idealised case in the sense they do not account for additional factors such as ellipticity, morphology, or crowding. To characterise the detected dwarfs, we used the mean surface brightness inside the effective radius SB e (in mag arcsec −2 ). The final MER catalogues achieve a completenesses of 91% for SB e ∈ [21, 24] and 54% for SB e ∈ [24, 28]. These numbers do not take into account possible contaminants, including confusion with background galaxies at the location of the dwarfs. After taking those effects into account, they respectively became 86% and 38%. The MER pipeline performs a final local background subtraction with a small mesh size, leading to a flux loss for galaxies with R e > 10″. By using the final MER mosaics and reinjecting this local background, we obtained an image in which we recover reliable photometric properties for objects under the arcminute scale. This background-reinjected product is thus suitable for the study of Local Universe dwarf galaxies. Euclid ’s data reduction pipeline serves as a test bed for other deep surveys, particularly regarding background subtraction methods, a key issue in LSB science.

Authors 98

1. M Urbano

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550

2. Pierre–Alain Duc

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550

3. Achille A. Nucita

   National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · University of Salento

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento

   INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica

   INFN, Sezione di Lecce

4. Aku Venhola

   University of Oulu

   Affiliation as printed

   Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu

5. O. Marchal

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550

6. M. Kümmel

   Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

   Affiliation as printed

   Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

7. Hui Kong

   Institute for High Energy Physics · Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB

8. E. Romelli

   National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

9. M. Walmsley

   University of Manchester · University of Toronto

   Affiliation as printed

   David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto

   Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

10. T. Saifollahi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550

11. Karina Voggel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550

12. A. Lançon

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Strasbourg · Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550

13. Francine R. Marleau

    Universität Innsbruck

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik

14. Elisabeth Sola

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge

15. L. K. Hunt

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri

16. Junais Madathodika

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

17. D. Carollo

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

18. P. M. Sánchez-Alarcón

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

19. M. Baes

    Ghent University

    Affiliation as printed

    Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent

20. F. Buitrago

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Universidad de Valladolid

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda

    Laboratory for Disruptive Interdisciplinary Science (LaDIS), Universidad de Valladolid

21. Michele Cantiello

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Collurania Teramo Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo

22. J.-C. Cuillandre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM

23. H. Domínguez Sánchez

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros

24. A. Ferré-Mateu

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

25. A Franco

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · University of Salento

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento

    INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce

26. Javier Graciá-Carpio

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

27. Rebecca A. Habas

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Collurania Teramo Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo

28. M. Hilker

    European Southern Observatory · European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory

29. E. Iodice

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

30. Johan H. Knapen

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

31. M.N Le

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

32. David Martínez-Delgado

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía

33. Oliver Müller

    University of Cambridge · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny

34. F. De Paolis

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · University of Salento

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento

    INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce

35. P. Papaderos

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas

36. R Ragusa

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

37. Javier Román

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

38. Elham Saremi

    University of Southampton

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus

39. V. Testa

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Astronomical Observatory of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

40. B. Altieri

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo

41. Luca Amendola

    Heidelberg University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg

42. Stefano Andreon

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

43. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

44. Carlo Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies

45. Marco Baldi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

46. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

47. Paola Maria Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

48. A. Biviano

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

49. E. Branchini

    National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Genoa · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

    INFN-Sezione di Genova

50. M. Brescia

    National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Naples Federico II · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

51. S. Camera

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · University of Turin · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    INFN-Sezione di Torino

52. G Cañas-Herrera

    Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

53. V. Capobianco

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

54. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

55. Juan Miró-Carretero

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n

56. S Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University

57. M Castellano

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Astronomical Observatory of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

58. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

59. S. Cavuoti

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

    INFN section of Naples

60. A Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

61. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

62. G. Congedo

    University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

63. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

64. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo

    European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1

65. Y. Copin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

66. F. Courbin

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona · Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)

67. Hélène M. Courtois

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi

68. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London

69. A. Da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande

70. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

71. G. De Lucia

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

72. H. Dole

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

73. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

74. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

75. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo

76. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova

77. S. Escoffier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

78. Maria Farina

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

79. R. Farinelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

80. S Ferriol

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Lyon 1 Université · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

81. Fabio Finelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Bologna

82. M. Frailis

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

83. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

84. M Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

85. Samuele Galeotta

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

86. Koshy George

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    University Observatory, LMU Faculty of Physics

87. Bryan R. Gillis

    University of Edinburgh · Royal Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

88. C. Giocoli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

89. A. Grazian

    National Institute for Astrophysics · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

90. F Grupp

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

91. L. Guzzo

    National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

    INFN-Sezione di Milano

92. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

93. W. Holmes

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive

94. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University

95. F. Hormuth
    Affiliation as printed

    Felix Hormuth Engineering

96. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

    Technical University of Denmark

97. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

98. Murzban D. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center