Functional composition of the Amazonian tree flora and forests

Communications Biology, vol. 8, pp. 355

Abstract

Plants cope with the environment by displaying large phenotypic variation. Two spectra of global plant form and function have been identified: a size spectrum from small to tall species with increasing stem tissue density, leaf size, and seed mass; a leaf economics spectrum reflecting slow to fast returns on investments in leaf nutrients and carbon. When species assemble to communities it is assumed that these spectra are filtered by the environment to produce community level functional composition. It is unknown what are the main drivers for community functional composition in a large area such as Amazonia. We use 13 functional traits, including wood density, seed mass, leaf characteristics, breeding system, nectar production, fruit type, and root characteristics of 812 tree genera (5211 species), and find that they describe two main axes found at the global scale. At community level, the first axis captures not only the ‘fast-slow spectrum’, but also most size-related traits. Climate and disturbance explain a minor part of this variance compared to soil fertility. Forests on poor soils differ largely in terms of trait values from those on rich soils. Trait composition and soil fertility exert a strong influence on forest functioning: biomass and relative biomass production. Using 13 functional traits we characterize the Amazonian trees and the communities they form. Amazonian tree communities are distributed along a fast-slow-spectrum. This results in clear differences in traits among these forests, as well as their biomass and biomass productivity.

Authors 98

1. Hans ter Steege corresponding Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center · Utrecht University

   Affiliation as printed

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands. hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl

   Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands. hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands

   Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands

2. Lourens Poorter

   Wageningen University & Research

   Affiliation as printed

   Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, The Netherlands

3. Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK

   Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK

4. Claire Fortunel

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

   Affiliation as printed

   AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France

5. William Ernest Magnusson

   Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

   Affiliation as printed

   Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

6. Oliver Lawrence Phillips

   University of Leeds

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

7. Edwin Pos

   Utrecht University

   Affiliation as printed

   Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands

   Utrecht University Botanic Gardens, P.O. Box 80162, Utrecht, 3508 TD, The Netherlands

8. Bruno Garcia Luize

   Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

   Affiliation as printed

   Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

   Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

9. Christopher Baraloto

   Florida International University

   Affiliation as printed

   International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

10. Juan Ernesto Guevara

    Universidad de Las Américas

    Affiliation as printed

    Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Evolución en los Trópicos-EETrop, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, 170124, Ecuador

11. María‐José Endara

    Universidad de Las Américas

    Affiliation as printed

    Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Evolución en los Trópicos-EETrop, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, 170124, Ecuador

12. Timothy R. Baker

    University of Leeds

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

13. María Natalia Umaña

    University of Michigan

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

14. Masha T. van der Sande

    Wageningen University & Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, The Netherlands

15. Maihyra Marina Pombo

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

16. Matt Sean McGlone

    Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research

    Affiliation as printed

    Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand

    Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand

17. Frederick Charles Henry Draper

    University of Liverpool

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK

18. Iêda Leão do Amaral

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

19. Luiz de Souza Coêlho

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

20. Florian Wittmann

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany

21. Francisca Dionízia de Almeida Matos

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

22. Diógenes de Andrade Lima Filho

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

23. Rafael P. Salomão

    Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi · Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia · Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil

    Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Perimetral, s/n, Belém, PA, Brazil

24. Carolina Volkmer de Castilho

    Embrapa Roraima

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, BR 174, km 8 - Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil

    Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Embrapa Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil

25. Marcelo de Jesus Veiga Carim

    Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha, Macapá, AP, 68901-025, Brazil

26. María Teresa Fernández Piedade

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

27. Daniel Sabatier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France

28. Jean‐François Molino

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France

29. Layon Oreste Demarchi

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

30. Juan David Cardenas Revilla

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

31. Jochen Schöngart

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

32. Mariana Victória Irume

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

33. Maria Pires Martins

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

34. José Renan da Silva Guimarães
    Affiliation as printed

    Amcel Amapá Florestal e Celulose S.A, Rua Claudio Lucio - S/N, Novo Horizonte, Santana, AP, 68927-003, Brazil

35. José Ferreira Ramos

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

36. Olaf Bánki
    Affiliation as printed

    Catalogue of Life, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, 2333 CR, The Netherlands

37. Adriano Costa Quaresma

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany

38. Nigel C. A. Pitman

    Field Museum of Natural History

    Affiliation as printed

    Collections, Conservation and Research, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA

39. Carlos A. Peres

    University of East Anglia

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

40. Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    ICNHS, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato 1200, Setor Industrial, Sinop, MT, 78.557-267, Brazil

41. Joseph E. Hawes

    University of Cumbria

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Science and Environment, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 9BB, UK

42. Everton José Almeida

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil

43. Luciane Ferreira Barbosa

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil

44. Larissa Cavalheiro

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil

45. Márcia Cléia Vilela dos Santos

    Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    ICNHS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil

46. Evlyn Márcia Leão de Moraes Novo

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

    Affiliation as printed

    Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto - DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil

    Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil

47. Percy Núñez Vargas

    National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco

    Affiliation as printed

    Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru

48. Thiago Sanna Freire Silva

    University of Stirling

    Affiliation as printed

    Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK

49. Eduardo Martins Venticinque

    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil

50. Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto

    Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil

51. Neidiane Farias Costa Reis

    Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9, 5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil

52. John Terborgh

    Florida Museum of Natural History · University of Florida · James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia

    Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

53. Katia Regina Casula

    Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9, 5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil

54. Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado

    Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

    Affiliation as printed

    Department for Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK

55. Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo Mendoza

    National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco · Jardín Botánico de Missouri

    Affiliation as printed

    Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru

    Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru

56. Juan Carlos Montero

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia · Bolivian Forest Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla, 6204, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

57. Cíntia Rodrigues de Souza

    Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brazil

58. M. V. N. d'. Oliveira

    Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brazil

59. Flávia R. C. Costa

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

60. Julien Engel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Florida International University · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, F-34398, France

    International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

61. Ted R. Feldpausch

    University of Leeds · University of Exeter

    Affiliation as printed

    Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

62. Nicolás Castaño Arboleda

    Instituto Sinchi

    Affiliation as printed

    Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

63. Flávia Machado Durgante

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany

64. Charles Eugene Zartman

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

65. Timothy J. Killeen
    Affiliation as printed

    Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

66. Beatriz Schwantes Marimon

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil

67. Ben Hur Marimon-Junior

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil

68. Rodolfo Vásquez

    Jardín Botánico de Missouri

    Affiliation as printed

    Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru

69. Bonifacio Mostacedo

    Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University

    Affiliation as printed

    Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

70. Rafael L. Assis

    Vale Technological Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Pará, 66055-090, Brazil

71. Dário Dantas do Amaral

    Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil

72. Hernán Castellanos

    Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela

73. John Ethan Householder

    Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Wetland Department, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany

74. Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros

    Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation · Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil

75. Marcelo Fragomeni Simon

    Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation · Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil

76. Ana C. Andrade

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

77. José Luís Camargo

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

78. Susan G. W. Laurance

    James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia

79. William Frederick Laurance

    James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia

80. Lorena Maniguaje Rincón

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

81. Gisele Biem Mori

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia · Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology, Monitoring and Sustainable Use of Wetlands (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil

82. Juliana Schietti

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

83. Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

84. Maria Aparecida Lopes

    Universidade Federal do Pará

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

85. José Leonardo Lima Magalhães

    Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation · Embrapa Amazônia Oriental · Universidade Federal do Pará

    Affiliation as printed

    Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n°, Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brazil

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

86. Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

87. Helder Lima de Queiroz

    Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá

    Affiliation as printed

    Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69470-000, Brazil

88. Caroline da Cruz Vasconcelos

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

89. Gerardo A. Aymard C.

    Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela

90. Roel Brienen

    University of Leeds

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

91. Darlene Gris

    Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá

    Affiliation as printed

    Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia Florestal, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil

92. Karoline Aparecida Félix Ribeiro

    Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá

    Affiliation as printed

    Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia Florestal, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69553-225, Brazil

93. Pablo R. Stevenson

    Universidad de Los Andes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia

94. Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami

    Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University · Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado

    Affiliation as printed

    Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al, 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

95. Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra

    University of Birmingham

    Affiliation as printed

    Birmingham Institute for Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

96. Yuri Oliveira Feitosa

    Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

97. Hugo F. Mogollón
    Affiliation as printed

    Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd, Silver Spring, MD, 20901, USA

98. Miles R. Silman

    Wake Forest University

    Affiliation as printed

    Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC, 27106, USA