Euclid : A complete Einstein ring in NGC 6505

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 694, pp. A145

Abstract

We report the discovery of a complete Einstein ring around the elliptical galaxy NGC 6505, at z = 0.042. This is the first strong gravitational lens discovered in Euclid and the first in an NGC object from any survey. The combination of the low redshift of the lens galaxy, the brightness of the source galaxy ( I E = 18.1 lensed, I E = 21.3 unlensed), and the completeness of the ring make this an exceptionally rare strong lens, unidentified until its observation by Euclid . We present deep imaging data of the lens from the Euclid Visible Camera (VIS) and Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instruments, as well as resolved spectroscopy from the Keck Cosmic Web Imager (KCWI). The Euclid imaging in particular presents one of the highest signal-to-noise ratio optical/near-infrared observations of a strong gravitational lens to date. From the KCWI data we measure a source redshift of z = 0.406. Using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) we measure a velocity dispersion for the lens galaxy of σ ⋆ = 303 ± 15 km s −1 . We model the lens galaxy light in detail, revealing angular structure that varies inside the Einstein ring. After subtracting this light model from the VIS observation, we model the strongly lensed images, finding an Einstein radius of 2.″5, corresponding to 2.1 kpc at the redshift of the lens. This is small compared to the effective radius of the galaxy, R eff ∼ 12.″3. Combining the strong lensing measurements with analysis of the spectroscopic data we estimate a dark matter fraction inside the Einstein radius of f DM = (11.1 −3.5 +5.4 )% and a stellar initial mass-function (IMF) mismatch parameter of α IMF = 1.26 −0.08 +0.05 , indicating a heavier-than-Chabrier IMF in the centre of the galaxy.

Authors 96

1. Conor M. O’Riordan

   Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

2. Lindsay Oldham

   University of Portsmouth

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

3. Angelos Nersesian

   University of Liège · Ghent University

   Affiliation as printed

   STAR Institute, Quartier Agora – Allée du six Août, 19c, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

   Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium

4. Tian Li

   University of Portsmouth

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

5. Thomas E. Collett

   University of Portsmouth

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

6. Dominique Sluse

   University of Liège

   Affiliation as printed

   STAR Institute, Quartier Agora – Allée du six Août, 19c, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

7. B. Altieri

   European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

8. Keerthi Vasan G. C.

   University of California, Davis

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

9. S. Rhoades

   University of California, Davis

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

10. Yuguang Chen

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

11. Tucker A. Jones

    University of California, Davis

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA

12. Christophe Adami

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

13. R. Gavazzi

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

14. Simona Vegetti

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

15. Devon Powell

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

16. Javier A Acevedo Barroso

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

17. I.T Andika

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics · Technical University of Munich

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

18. Rachana Bhatawdekar

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

19. Asantha Roshan Cooray

    University of California, Irvine

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

20. Giulia Despali

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

21. Jose Maria Diego

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Edificio Juan Jordá, Avenida de los Castros, 39005 Santander, Spain

22. L.R Ecker

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

23. Aymeric Galan

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics · Technical University of Munich

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

24. P. Gómez-Álvarez

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain

25. L. Leuzzi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

26. Massimo Meneghetti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

27. R. B. Metcalf

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

28. M. Schirmer

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

29. Stephen Serjeant

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

30. C. Tortora

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

31. M. Vaccari

    University of Cape Town · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · Inter-university Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy · University of the Western Cape

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa

    Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa

32. G. Vernardos

    American Museum of Natural History · Lehman College

    Affiliation as printed

    American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, NY 10024, USA

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the CUNY, Bronx, NY 10468, USA

33. Mike Walmsley

    University of Toronto · University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

34. Adam Amara

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

35. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

36. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

37. Hervé Aussel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

38. C. Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy

39. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

40. A. Balestra

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

41. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

42. Alberto Basset

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

43. Paola Maria Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

44. Ralf Bender

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

45. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

46. E. Branchini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

47. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

48. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal

49. Amandine Caillat

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

50. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

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    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

51. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

52. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

53. J. Carretero

    Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

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    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

    Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

54. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    University of Portsmouth · RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

55. Francisco Javier Castander

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain

56. M. Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

57. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

58. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

59. A Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

60. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

61. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

62. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

63. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy

64. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France

65. L. Corcione

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

66. F. Courbin

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

67. Hélène M. Courtois

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

68. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

69. A. Da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

70. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

71. G. De Lucia

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

72. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

73. J. Dinis

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

74. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

75. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

76. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

77. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

78. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

79. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

80. F Faustini

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

81. N. Fourmanoit

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

82. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

83. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

84. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

85. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

86. William Gillard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

87. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

88. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

89. B. R. Granett

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

90. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

91. L. Guzzo

    University of Milan · Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

92. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

93. Henk Hoekstra Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands

94. W. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

95. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK

96. F. Hormuth
    Affiliation as printed

    Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany