Euclid: Detecting Solar System objects in Euclid images and classifying them using Kohonen self-organising maps

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 694, pp. A116

Abstract

The ESA Euclid mission will survey more than 14 000 deg2 of the sky in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, mapping the extragalactic sky to constrain our cosmological model of the Universe. Although the survey focusses on regions further than 15° from the ecliptic, it should allow for the detection of more than about 105 Solar System objects (SSOs). After simulating the expected signal from SSOs in Euclid images acquired with the visible camera (VIS), we describe an automated pipeline developed to detect moving objects with an apparent velocity in the range of 0.1–10″ h−1, typically corresponding to sources in the outer Solar System (from Centaurs to Kuiper-belt objects). In particular, the proposed detection scheme is based on SExtractor software and on applying a new algorithm capable of associating moving objects amongst different catalogues. After applying a suite of filters to improve the detection quality, we study the expected purity and completeness of the SSO detections. We also show how a Kohonen self-organising neural network can be successfully trained (in an unsupervised fashion) to classify stars, galaxies, and SSOs. By implementing an early-stopping method in the training scheme, we show that the network can be used in a predictive way, allowing one to assign the probability of each detected object being a member of each considered class.

Authors 98

1. Achille A. Nucita

   University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

2. L. Conversi

   European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

   Affiliation as printed

   ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

   European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy

3. Antonio Franco

   University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

4. Simone Sacquegna

   University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

5. Mikko Pöntinen

   University of Helsinki

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

6. B. Altieri

   European Space Astronomy Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

7. B. Carry

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Côte d'Azur · Lagrange Laboratory · Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur

   Affiliation as printed

   Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France

   Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France

8. F. De Paolis

   University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

9. F. Strafella

   University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

   INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

10. V. Orofino

    University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

    INAF-Sezione di Lecce, c/o Dipartimento Matematica e Fisica, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

11. Michele Maiorano

    University of Salento · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Mathematics and Physics E. De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, CP-I93, 73100 Lecce, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Via per Arnesano, CP-193, 73100 Lecce, Italy

12. Vanshika Kansal

    W.M. Keck Observatory · ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics · European Space Astronomy Centre · Swinburne University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia

    Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    W.M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI, USA

13. R. Vavrek

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

14. Matteo Miluzio

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain

15. Mikael Granvik

    University of Helsinki · Luleå University of Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Luleå University of Technology, Box 848, 98128 Kiruna, Sweden

    Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

16. V. Testa

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

17. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

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    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France

18. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

19. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

20. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

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    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

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    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

21. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

22. E. Branchini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

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23. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

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    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

24. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

25. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

    INFN – Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

26. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

27. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

28. J. Carretero

    Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

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    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

    Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

29. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

30. M. Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

31. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

32. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

33. A. Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

34. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

35. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

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    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

36. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

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    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne 69100, France

37. F. Courbin

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

38. Hélène M. Courtois

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

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    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

39. A da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

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    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

40. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

41. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

42. J. Dinis

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

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    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

43. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

44. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

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    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

45. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

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    INFN – Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

46. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

47. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

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    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

48. S Ferriol

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

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    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne 69100, France

49. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

50. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

51. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

52. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

53. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

54. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy

55. P. Gómez-Álvarez

    European Space Astronomy Centre

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    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain

56. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

57. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

58. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

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    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

59. W. A. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

60. F. Hormuth
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    Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany

61. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

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    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark

    Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

62. Patrick Hudelot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

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    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

63. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

64. Murzban D. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

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    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

65. Elina Keihänen

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

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    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

66. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

67. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

68. M. Kilbinger

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

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69. R. Kohley

    European Space Astronomy Centre

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70. Bogna Kubik

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

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    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne 69100, France

71. M. Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany

72. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

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    Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

73. R. Laureijs

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

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    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

74. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese (TO), Italy

75. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

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    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

76. V. Lindholm

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

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    Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

77. Ivan Lloro

    Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy

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    NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

78. E. Maiorano

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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79. O. Mansutti

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

80. O. Marggraf

    University of Bonn

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    Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany

81. Katarina Markovic

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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82. N. Martinet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

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    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

83. F. Marulli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

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    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

84. R. Massey

    Durham University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

85. Daniel C. Masters

    California Institute of Technology · Infrared Processing and Analysis Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

86. Eduardo Medinaceli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

87. S. Mei

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France

88. Y. Mellier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

89. Massimo Meneghetti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

90. George L. Meylan

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

91. M. Moresco

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

92. Lauro Moscardini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

93. R. Nakajima

    University of Bonn

    Affiliation as printed

    Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany

94. S.-M Niemi

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

95. C. Padilla Aranda

    Institute for High Energy Physics · Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

    Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

96. S. Paltani

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

97. FABIO PASIAN

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

98. K. Pedersen

    Aarhus University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark