Massive star cluster formation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 690, pp. A207

Abstract

Two main mechanisms have classically been proposed for the formation of runaway stars. In the binary supernova scenario (BSS), a massive star in a binary explodes as a supernova, ejecting its companion. In the dynamical ejection scenario, a star is ejected during a strong dynamical encounter between multiple stars. We propose a third mechanism for the formation of runaway stars: the subcluster ejection scenario (SCES), where a subset of stars from an infalling subcluster is ejected out of the cluster via a tidal interaction with the contracting gravitational potential of the assembling cluster. We demonstrate the SCES in a star-by-star simulation of the formation of a young massive cluster from a 106 M⊙ gas cloud using the TORCH framework. This star cluster forms hierarchically through a sequence of subcluster mergers determined by the initial turbulent, spherical conditions of the gas. We find that these mergers drive the formation of runaway stars in our model. Late-forming subclusters fall into the central potential, where they are tidally disrupted, forming tidal tails of runaway stars that are distributed highly anisotropically. Runaways formed in the same SCES have similar ages, velocities, and ejection directions. Surveying observations, we identify several SCES candidate groups with anisotropic ejection directions. The SCES is capable of producing runaway binaries: two wide dynamical binaries in infalling subclusters were tightened through ejection. This allows for another velocity kick via subsequent via a subsequent BSS ejection. An SCES-BSS ejection is a possible avenue for the creation of hypervelocity stars unbound to the Galaxy. The SCES occurs when subcluster formation is resolved. We expect nonspherical initial gas distributions to increase the number of calculated runaway stars, bringing it closer to observed values. The observation of groups of runaway stars formed via the SCES can thus reveal the assembly history of their natal clusters.

Authors 9

1. Brooke Polak

   American Museum of Natural History · Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA

   Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany

2. Mordecai‐Mark Mac Low

   American Museum of Natural History

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA

3. Ralf Stephan Klessen

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Universität Heidelberg, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Heidelberg, Germany

   Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany

4. Simon Portegies Zwart Aachen Sterrewacht Leiden

   Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   Sterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

5. Eric P. Andersson

   American Museum of Natural History

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA

6. Sabrina M. Appel

   Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

7. Claude Cournoyer-Cloutier

   McMaster University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

8. Simon C. O. Glover

   Heidelberg University

   Affiliation as printed

   Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany

9. Stephen L. W. McMillan

   Drexel University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA