Dynamical accretion flows
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 690, pp. A185
Abstract
Context. Investigating the flow of material along filamentary structures towards the central core can help provide insights into high-mass star formation and evolution. Aims. Our main motivation is to answer the question of what the properties of accretion flows are in star-forming clusters. We used data from the ALMA Evolutionary Study of High Mass Protocluster Formation in the Galaxy (ALMAGAL) survey to study 100 ALMAGAL regions at a ∼1″ resolution, located between ∼2 and 6 kpc. Methods. Making use of the ALMAGAL ∼1.3 mm line and continuum data, we estimated flow rates onto individual cores. We focus specifically on flow rates along filamentary structures associated with these cores. Our primary analysis is centered around position velocity cuts in H2CO (30, 3–20, 2), which allow us to measure the velocity fields surrounding these cores. Combining this work with column density estimates, we were able to derive the flow rates along the extended filamentary structures associated with cores in these regions. Results. We selected a sample of 100 ALMAGAL regions, covering four evolutionary stages from quiescent to protostellar, young stellar objects (YSOs), and HII regions (25 each). Using a dendrogram and line analysis, we identify a final sample of 182 cores in 87 regions. In this paper, we present 728 flow rates for our sample (4 per core), analysed in the context of evolutionary stage, distance from the core, and core mass. On average, for the whole sample, we derived flow rates on the order of ∼10−4 M⊙ yr−1 with estimated uncertainties of ±50%. We see increasing differences in the values among evolutionary stages, most notably between the less evolved (quiescent and protostellar) and more evolved (YSO and HII region) sources and we also see an increasing trend as we move further away from the centre of these cores. We also find a clear relationship between the calculated flow rates and core masses ∼M2/3, which is in line with the result expected from the tidal-lobe accretion mechanism. The significance of these relationships is tested with Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U tests. Conclusions. Overall, we see an increasing trend in the relationships between the flow rate and the three investigated parameters, namely: evolutionary stage, distance from the core, and core mass.
Authors 48
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, 2152 Hillside Road, Unit 3046, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · East Asian Observatory · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku, Hilo, Hawaii, HI 96720, USA
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Ciéncies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Affiliation as printed
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstraße 1, 85749 Garching bei München, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · Sapienza University of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
University of Connecticut, Department of Physics, 2152 Hillside Road, Unit 3046, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Universität Heidelberg, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen, Heidelberg, Germany
Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Heidelberg, Germany
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 160 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02420, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Center for Data and Simulation Science, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
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INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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University of Cologne · University of Manchester
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I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics & UK ALMA Regional Centre Node, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Affiliation as printed
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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University of Groningen · Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre
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UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
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INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Nucleo Astroquimica y Astrofisica, Avda Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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University of Manchester · SKA Observatory
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Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics & UK ALMA Regional Centre Node, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK
UK ALMA Regional Centre Node, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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National Institutes of Natural Sciences · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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Department of Astronomical Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
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Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziale, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
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Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères
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Centre for Astrochemical Studies, Max-Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, 92190 Meudon, France
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
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INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (MPIfR), Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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University of Colorado Boulder
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Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80389, USA
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Affiliation as printed
UK ALMA Regional Centre Node, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
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Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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European Southern Observatory · Chalmers University of Technology
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Department of Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Bologna
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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