Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago

Nature Astronomy, vol. 8, pp. 1181–1194

Abstract

Abstract Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the rarest and most extreme starbursts and found only in the distant Universe (z ≳ 1). They have intrinsic infrared (IR) luminositiesLIR ≥ 1013 L⊙and are commonly found to be major mergers. Recently, the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts project (PASSAGES) searched ~104deg2of the sky and found ~20 HyLIRGs. We describe a detailed study of PJ0116-24, the brightest (μLIR ≈ 2.6 × 1014 L⊙, magnified withμ ≈ 17) Einstein-ring HyLIRG in the southern sky, atz = 2.125, with observations from the near-IR integral-field spectrograph VLT/ERIS and the submillimetre interferometer ALMA. We detected Hα, Hβ, [Nii] and [Sii] lines and obtained an extreme Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 8.73 ± 1.14). We modelled the molecular-gas and ionized-gas kinematics with CO(3–2) and Hα data at ~100–300 pc and (sub)kiloparsec delensed scales, respectively, finding consistent regular rotation. We found PJ0116-24 to be highly rotationally supported (vrot/σ0, mol. gas ≈ 9.4) with a richer gaseous substructure than other known HyLIRGs. Our results imply that PJ0116-24 is an intrinsically massive (Mbaryon ≈ 1011.3 M⊙) and rare starbursty disk (star-formation rate, SFR = 1,490 M⊙ yr−1) probably undergoing secular evolution. This indicates that the maximal SFR (≳1,000 M⊙ yr−1) predicted by simulations could occur during a galaxy’s secular evolution, away from major mergers.

Authors 82

1. Daizhong Liu corresponding

   Chinese Academy of Sciences · Purple Mountain Observatory · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

   Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China

2. N. M. Förster Schreiber

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

3. Kevin C. Harrington

   European Southern Observatory · Universidad Diego Portales

   Affiliation as printed

   European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile

   Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile

4. Lilian L. Lee

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

5. Patrick S. Kamieneski

   Arizona State University

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Earth & Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

6. R. Davies

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

7. Dieter Lutz

   Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

8. A. Renzini

   Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

   INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

9. Stijn Wuyts

   University of Bath

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK

10. Linda J. Tacconi

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

11. R. Genzel

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

12. Andreas M. Burkert

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (USM), Munich, Germany

13. Rodrigo Herrera-Camus

    University of Concepción

    Affiliation as printed

    Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

14. Belén Alcalde Pampliega

    European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile

15. Amit Vishwas

    Cornell University

    Affiliation as printed

    Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

16. Melanie Kaasinen

    European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile

17. Q. Daniel Wang

    University of Massachusetts Amherst

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

18. Eric Faustino Jiménez-Andrade

    Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico

19. James D. Lowenthal

    Smith College

    Affiliation as printed

    Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA

20. Nicholas Foo

    Arizona State University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Earth & Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

21. Brenda Frye

    University of Arizona

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

22. J. Shangguan

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

23. Yixian Cao

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

24. Guido Agapito

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

25. Alex Agudo Berbel

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

26. Capucine Barfety

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

27. Andrea Baruffolo

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

28. Derek A. Berman

    Cornell University

    Affiliation as printed

    Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

29. Marco Bonaglia

    Collurania Teramo Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

30. Runa Antonio Briguglio

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

31. Luca Carbonaro

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

32. Jianhang Chen

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

33. Aleksandar Cikota
    Affiliation as printed

    Gemini Observatory/NSF’s NOIRLab, La Serena, Chile

    Gemini Observatory/NSF's NOIRLab, La Serena, Chile

34. Alice Concas

    European Southern Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile

35. Olivia R. Cooper

    The University of Texas at Austin

    Affiliation as printed

    The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

36. G. Cresci

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

37. Yigit Dallilar

    University of Cologne

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany

38. Matthias Deysenroth

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

39. Ivan Di Antonio

    Collurania Teramo Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

40. Amico Di Cianno

    Collurania Teramo Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

41. Gianluca Di Rico

    Collurania Teramo Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

42. David S. Doelman Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

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    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands

43. Mauro Dolci

    Collurania Teramo Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

44. Frank Eisenhauer

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

45. Juan Espejo

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

46. Simone Esposito

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

47. D. Fantinel

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

48. Debora Ferruzzi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

49. H. Feuchtgruber

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

50. Carlos Garcia Diaz

    University of Massachusetts Amherst

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

51. S. Gillessen

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

52. Paolo Grani

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

53. Michael Hartl

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

54. Heinrich Huber

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

55. Jean-Baptiste Jolly

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

56. Christoph U. Keller Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Lowell Observatory · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

57. Matthew A. Kenworthy Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

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    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands

58. Kateryna Kravchenko

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

59. Minju Lee

    University of Copenhagen · DTU Space · Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    DTU-Space, Elektrovej, Lyngby, Denmark

60. John F. Lightfoot

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

61. David Lunney

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

62. Mike MacIntosh

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

63. Filippo Mannucci

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

64. Thomas Ott

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

65. Massimo Pascale

    University of California, Berkeley

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    Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

66. Stavros Pastras

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

67. DAVID P. J. PEARSON

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

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    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

68. Alfio Timothy Puglisi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

69. C. Pulsoni

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

70. S. Rabien

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

71. Christian Rau

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

72. Armando Riccardi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

73. Bernardo Salasnich

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio, Padua, Italy

74. Thomas Shimizu

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

75. Frans Snik Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

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    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands

76. E. Sturm

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

77. William C. Taylor

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

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    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

78. Angelo Valentini

    Collurania Teramo Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Teramo, Italy

79. Christopher Waring

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

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    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

80. E. Wiezorrek

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

81. Marco Xompero

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy

82. Min S. Yun

    University of Massachusetts Amherst

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA