4D printing roadmap
Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 33, pp. 113501
Abstract
Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an advanced manufacturing technology that has rapidly emerged as a transformative tool with the capacity to reshape various research domains and industries. Distinguished by its integration of time as a dimension, 4D printing allows objects to dynamically respond to external stimuli, setting it apart from conventional 3D printing. This roadmap has been devised, by contributions of 44 active researchers in this field from 32 affiliations world-wide, to navigate the swiftly evolving landscape of 4D printing, consolidating recent advancements and making them accessible to experts across diverse fields, ranging from biomedicine to aerospace, textiles to electronics. The roadmap’s goal is to empower both experts and enthusiasts, facilitating the exploitation of 4D printing’s transformative potential to create intelligent, adaptive objects that are not only feasible but readily attainable. By addressing current and future challenges and proposing advancements in science and technology, it sets the stage for revolutionary progress in numerous industries, positioning 4D printing as a transformative tool for the future.
Authors 44
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Mahdi Bodaghi corresponding
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Department of Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Harbin, 150080, CHINA
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Harbin, 150080, CHINA
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Harbin Institute of Technology
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School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, CHINA
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Harbin Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, No 2, Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P R CHINA, Harbin, 150080, CHINA
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Northwestern Polytechnical University
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Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, CHINA
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North Carolina State University
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Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina, NC 27695, UNITED STATES
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The University of Toledo, Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, 43606-3328, UNITED STATES
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Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., MS 312, Toledo, Ohio, 43606, UNITED STATES
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Concordia University , 1455 Demaisonneuve West , # EV 4-233 , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3G 1M8
Concordia University, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, CANADA
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Danchen Zhang Aachen
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, 52056, GERMANY
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Katarina Winands Aachen
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RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, 52056, GERMANY
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Thomas Gries Aachen
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Rheinisch - Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Templergraben 55, D-52062 Aachen, Aachen , 55 52062, GERMANY
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The University of Texas at El Paso
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Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, El Paso, 79968, UNITED STATES
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Affiliation as printed
Deakin University, Deakin, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, AUSTRALIA
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University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, SLOVENIA
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University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, SLOVENIA
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The University of Texas at Dallas
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Eric Johnson School of Computer Sciendce and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, ECSW 3.150 E, Mailstop EC-38, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080-3021USA, Richardson, Texas, 75080-3021, UNITED STATES
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Volvo (Sweden) · Volvo Cars (Sweden)
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Volvo Car Corporation, Götaland, Goteborg, Västra Götaland, 405 31, SWEDEN
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Beijing Information Science & Technology University
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Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, Beijing, 100192, CHINA
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KTH Royal Institute of Technology
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KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Stockholm, 100 44, SWEDEN
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Shibaura Institute of Technology
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Shibaura Institute of Technology, Shibaura, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548, JAPAN
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Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-8560, JAPAN
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Deakin University, Deakin, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, AUSTRALIA
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Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
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Biomedical Engg, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502285, INDIA
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University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, GERMANY
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Suranaree University of Technology
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Suranaree University of Technology, Suranaree, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, THAILAND
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Suranaree University of Technology
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Suranaree University of Technology, Suranaree, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, THAILAND
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Department of Mechanical Engineering , CEMMPRE , University of Coimbra , 3030-788 Coimbra , Portugal
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, PORTUGAL
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University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, PORTUGAL
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Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra Faculty of Sciences and Technology, R. Luis Reis dos Santos, Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-194, PORTUGAL
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Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Heidelberg, Heidelberg , 69120 , GERMANY
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Southern University of Science and Technology
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Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
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Southern University of Science and Technology
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Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
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Southern University of Science and Technology
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Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de technologie de belfort-montbéliard
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ICB UMR 6303 CNRS, UTBM, Rue du Château, Belfort, 90010, FRANCE
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Georgia Institute of Technology
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The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA
Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, Atlanta, GA 30332, UNITED STATES
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University of Lorraine, Nancy, Nancy, 54052, FRANCE
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University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham - Malaysia Campus, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, 43500, MALAYSIA
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University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, CANADA
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School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216 Australia, Geelong, VIC 3216, AUSTRALIA
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Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310015, CHINA
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Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, CHINA
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Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
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