Euclid: Identifying the reddest high-redshift galaxies in the Euclid Deep Fields with gradient-boosted trees

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 685, pp. A127

Abstract

Context. ALMA observations show that dusty, distant, massive (M* ≳ 1011 M⊙) galaxies usually have a remarkable star-formation activity, contributing of the order of 25% of the cosmic star-formation rate density at z ≈ 3–5, and up to 30% at z ∼ 7. Nonetheless, they are elusive in classical optical surveys, and current near-IR surveys are able to detect them only in very small sky areas. Since these objects have low space densities, deep and wide surveys are necessary to obtain statistically relevant results about them. Euclid will potentially be capable of delivering the required information, but, given the lack of spectroscopic features at these distances within its bands, it is still unclear if Euclid will be able to identify and characterise these objects. Aims. The goal of this work is to assess the capability of Euclid, together with ancillary optical and near-IR data, to identify these distant, dusty, and massive galaxies based on broadband photometry. Methods. We used a gradient-boosting algorithm to predict both the redshift and spectral type of objects at high z. To perform such an analysis, we made use of simulated photometric observations that mimic the Euclid Deep Survey, derived using the state-of-the-art Spectro-Photometric Realizations of Infrared-selected Targets at all-z (SPRITZ) software. Results. The gradient-boosting algorithm was found to be accurate in predicting both the redshift and spectral type of objects within the simulated Euclid Deep Survey catalogue at z > 2, while drastically decreasing the runtime with respect to spectral-energy-distribution-fitting methods. In particular, we studied the analogue of HIEROs (i.e. sources selected on the basis of a red H − [4.5]> 2.25), combining Euclid and Spitzer data at the depth of the Deep Fields. These sources include the bulk of obscured and massive galaxies in a broad redshift range, 3 < z < 7. We find that the dusty population at 3 ≲ z ≲ 7 is well identified, with a redshift root mean squared error and catastrophic outlier fraction of only 0.55 and 8.5% (HE ≤ 26), respectively. Our findings suggest that with Euclid we will obtain meaningful insights into the impact of massive and dusty galaxies on the cosmic star-formation rate over time.

Authors 98

1. Theosamuele Signor
2. Laura Bisigello

   University of Padua · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei" , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 8 , 35131 Padova , Italy

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Via dell'Osservatorio 5 , 35122 Padova , Italy

3. M. Bolzonella

   Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

4. K. I. Caputi

   University of Groningen

   Affiliation as printed

   Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Copenhagen , Denmark

   Kapteyn Astronomical Institute , University of Groningen , PO Box 800 , 9700 AV Groningen , The Netherlands

5. Emanuele Daddi

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · CEA Paris-Saclay

   Affiliation as printed

   AIM , CEA , CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , Université de Paris , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France

   AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

6. G. De Lucia

   Trieste Astronomical Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 , 34143 Trieste , Italy

7. A Enia

   National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Bologna , Via Gobetti 93/2 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

   INAF-IASF Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

8. L. Gabarra

   University of Oxford

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics , Oxford University , Keble Road , Oxford OX1 3RH , UK

9. Carlotta Gruppioni

   Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

10. A. Humphrey

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto · DTX Digital Transformation CoLAB

    Affiliation as printed

    DTx -Digital Transformation CoLAB , Building 1 ,

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço , Universidade do Porto , CAUP , Rua das Estrelas , 4150-762 Porto , Portugal

11. Fabio La Franca
12. Chiara Mancini

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano , Via Alfonso Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy

13. Lucia Pozzetti

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

14. Stephen Serjeant

    The Open University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physical Sciences , The Open University , Milton Keynes MK7 6AA , UK

15. Luigi Spinoglio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , Via del Fosso del Cavaliere , 100 , 00100 Roma , Italy

16. S. E. van Mierlo

    University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    Kapteyn Astronomical Institute , University of Groningen , PO Box 800 , 9700 AV Groningen , The Netherlands

17. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via Brera 28 , 20122 Milano , Italy

18. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

19. Marco Baldi
20. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

21. Paola Maria Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

22. Ralf Bender

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München , Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1 , 81679 München , Germany

23. C. Bodendorf

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

24. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20 , 10025 Pino Torinese (TO) , Italy

25. E. Branchini
26. M. Brescia
27. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço , Universidade do Porto , CAUP , Rua das Estrelas , 4150-762 Porto , Portugal

28. S. Camera
29. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20 , 10025 Pino Torinese (TO) , Italy

30. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano , Via Alfonso Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy

31. J. Carretero Aachen Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE)

    Institute for High Energy Physics · Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Port d'Informació Científica · RWTH Aachen University · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE) , The Barcelona Insti- tute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain 32 Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain 33 Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany 34 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy 35 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" -Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy 36 Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France 37 Institut national de physique nucléaire et de physique des particules, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cédex 16, France 38 Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observa- tory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK 39 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Departme

32. Santiago Casas

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

33. M. Castellano

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

34. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Via Moiariello 16 , 80131 Napoli , Italy

    INFN section of Naples , Via Cinthia 6 , 80126 Napoli , Italy

35. A Cimatti

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

36. R. Clédassou

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (18 avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse - France)

    IN2P3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE 3 rue Michel-Ange 75794 PARIS CEDEX 16 - France - France)

37. G. Congedo

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

38. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

39. L. Conversi

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

40. Y. Copin

    Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon · University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

41. L. Corcione

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20 , 10025 Pino Torinese (TO) , Italy

42. F. Courbin

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

43. Hélène M. Courtois

    Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon · University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

44. A. Da Silva

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

45. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

46. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , Via del Fosso del Cavaliere , 100 , 00100 Roma , Italy

47. J. Dinis

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

48. F. Dubath

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

49. X. Dupac

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

50. S. Dusini

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

51. A. Ealet

    Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon · University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

52. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali , Via del Fosso del Cavaliere , 100 , 00100 Roma , Italy

53. S. Farrens

    Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · CEA Paris-Saclay · University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

54. S. Ferriol

    Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon · University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    IP2I Lyon - Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (Campus LyonTech-la Doua Bâtiment Paul DIRAC 4 Rue Enrico Fermi 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex - France)

55. S. Fotopoulou

    University of Minho

    Affiliation as printed

    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

56. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

57. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 , 34143 Trieste , Italy

58. B. Garilli

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano , Via Alfonso Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy

59. William Gillard

    Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (163, avenue de Luminy - Case 902 - 13288 Marseille cedex 09 - France)

60. Bryan R. Gillis

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

61. C. Giocoli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

62. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Via dell'Osservatorio 5 , 35122 Padova , Italy

63. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany

64. L. Guzzo

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via Brera 28 , 20122 Milano , Italy

65. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

66. I. Hook

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

67. F. Hormuth

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

68. Allan Hornstrup

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

69. K. Jahnkę

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

70. M Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Universitäts-Sternwarte München , Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München , Scheinerstrasse 1 , 81679 München , Germany

71. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (163, avenue de Luminy - Case 902 - 13288 Marseille cedex 09 - France)

72. A. Kiessling

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

73. M. Kilbinger

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · CEA Paris-Saclay

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    AIM , CEA , CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , Université de Paris , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France

    AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112) - Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM - UMR 7158 - UMR E 9005, ex 'Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles', Service d'astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, Orme des Merisiers F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE CEDEX - France)

74. T. Kitching

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

75. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

76. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20 , 10025 Pino Torinese (TO) , Italy

77. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

78. V. Lindholm

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

79. Ivan Lloro

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

80. Davide Maino

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano , Via Alfonso Corti 12 , 20133 Milano , Italy

81. E. Maiorano

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

82. O. Mansutti

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 , 34143 Trieste , Italy

83. O. Marggraf

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

84. N. Martinet

    Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille · University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

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85. F. Marulli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna , Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 , 40127 Bologna , Italy

86. R. Massey

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

87. Eduardo Medinaceli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

88. M. Melchior

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

89. Y. Mellier

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

    IAP - Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (98bis, bd Arago - 75014 Paris France - France)

90. Massimo Meneghetti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

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91. E. Merlin

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

92. M. Moresco

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

93. Lauro Moscardini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

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94. Emiliano Munari

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 , 34143 Trieste , Italy

95. Robert C. Nichol

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

96. S.-M Niemi

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

97. S. Paltani

    University of Minho

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    Azurém Cam- pus , University of Minho , 4800-058 Guimarães , Portugal

98. FABIO PASIAN

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 , 34143 Trieste , Italy