Euclid : The search for primordial features

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 683, pp. A220

Abstract

Primordial features, in particular oscillatory signals, imprinted in the primordial power spectrum of density perturbations represent a clear window of opportunity for detecting new physics at high-energy scales. Future spectroscopic and photometric measurements from the Euclid space mission will provide unique constraints on the primordial power spectrum, thanks to the redshift coverage and high-accuracy measurement of nonlinear scales, thus allowing us to investigate deviations from the standard power-law primordial power spectrum. We consider two models with primordial undamped oscillations superimposed on the matter power spectrum described by 1 + 𝒜 X sin ( ω X Ξ X + 2 πϕ X ), one linearly spaced in k space with Ξ lin ≡ k / k * where k * = 0.05 Mpc −1 and the other logarithmically spaced in k space with Ξ log ≡ ln( k / k * ). We note that 𝒜 X is the amplitude of the primordial feature, ω X is the dimensionless frequency, and ϕ X is the normalised phase, where X = {lin, log}. We provide forecasts from spectroscopic and photometric primary Euclid probes on the standard cosmological parameters Ω m, 0 , Ω b, 0 , h , n s , and σ 8 , and the primordial feature parameters 𝒜 X , ω X , and ϕ X . We focus on the uncertainties of the primordial feature amplitude 𝒜 X and on the capability of Euclid to detect primordial features at a given frequency. We also study a nonlinear density reconstruction method in order to retrieve the oscillatory signals in the primordial power spectrum, which are damped on small scales in the late-time Universe due to cosmic structure formation. Finally, we also include the expected measurements from Euclid ’s galaxy-clustering bispectrum and from observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We forecast uncertainties in estimated values of the cosmological parameters with a Fisher matrix method applied to spectroscopic galaxy clustering (GC sp ), weak lensing (WL), photometric galaxy clustering (GC ph ), the cross correlation (XC) between GC ph and WL, the spectroscopic galaxy clustering bispectrum, the CMB temperature and E -mode polarisation, the temperature-polarisation cross correlation, and CMB weak lensing. We consider two sets of specifications for the Euclid probes (pessimistic and optimistic) and three different CMB experiment configurations, that is, Planck , Simons Observatory (SO), and CMB Stage-4 (CMB-S4). We find the following percentage relative errors in the feature amplitude with Euclid primary probes: for the linear (logarithmic) feature model, with a fiducial value of 𝒜 X = 0.01, ω X = 10, and ϕ X = 0: 21% (22%) in the pessimistic settings and 18% (18%) in the optimistic settings at a 68.3% confidence level (CL) using GC sp +WL+GC ph +XC. While the uncertainties on the feature amplitude are strongly dependent on the frequency value when single Euclid probes are considered, we find robust constraints on 𝒜 X from the combination of spectroscopic and photometric measurements over the frequency range of (1, 10 2.1 ). Due to the inclusion of numerical reconstruction, the GC sp bispectrum, SO-like CMB reduces the uncertainty on the primordial feature amplitude by 32%–48%, 50%–65%, and 15%–50%, respectively. Combining all the sources of information explored expected from Euclid in combination with the future SO-like CMB experiment, we forecast 𝒜 lin ≃ 0.010 ± 0.001 at a 68.3% CL and 𝒜 log ≃ 0.010 ± 0.001 for GC sp (PS rec + BS)+WL+GC ph +XC+SO-like for both the optimistic and pessimistic settings over the frequency range (1, 10 2.1 ).

Authors 98

1. M. Ballardini

   University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

   INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

2. Y. Akrami

   Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Física Teórica · Case Western Reserve University

   Affiliation as printed

   CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

   Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

3. Fabio Finelli

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

   INFN – Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy

4. D. Karagiannis

   University of the Western Cape

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa

5. Baojiu Li

   Durham University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK

6. Ye Li

   University of Sussex

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK

7. Z. Sakr

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Saint Joseph University · Heidelberg University · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

   Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

   Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon

   Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon

   Université St Joseph

8. D. Sapone

   University of Chile

   Affiliation as printed

   Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile

9. Ana Achúcarro Aachen Institute Lorentz

   Leiden University · University of the Basque Country

   Affiliation as printed

   Departamento de Física, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain

   Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands

10. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN –Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

11. N. Bartolo

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

    INFN – Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

12. G Cañas-Herrera Aachen Institute Lorentz

    Leiden University · European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

    Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands

13. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

14. Riccardo Murgia

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Viale F. Crispi 7, L’Aquila, (AQ) 67100, Italy

    INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), L’Aquila, (AQ) 67100, Italy

    Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), Viale F. Crispi 7, L'Aquila, (AQ) 67100, Italy

    INFN – Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), L'Aquila, (AQ) 67100, Italy

15. Hans A. Winther

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

16. Matteo Viel

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy

17. Jens Jasche

    Stockholm University · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · AlbaNova

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

18. Guilhem Lavaux

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

19. Dhiraj Kumar Hazra

    Homi Bhabha National Institute · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · Institute of Mathematical Sciences · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400085, India

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, HBNI, CIT Campus, Chennai 600113, India

20. D. Paoletti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN – Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy

21. J. Väliviita

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

22. Adam Amara

    University of Portsmouth

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

23. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

24. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

25. Paola Maria Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

26. D. Bonino

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy

27. E. Branchini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

    INFN – Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy

28. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

    Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

29. J. Brinchmann

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

30. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy

    INFN – Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

31. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy

32. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

33. J. Carretero

    Institute for High Energy Physics · Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain

    Port d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain

34. M. Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

35. S. Cavuoti

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy

36. A. Cimatti

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

37. G. Congedo

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

38. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

    European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy

39. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

40. L. Corcione

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy

41. F. Courbin

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

42. Hélène M. Courtois

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

43. A. Da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

44. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

45. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

46. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

47. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

48. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

49. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

50. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

51. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF – IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

52. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

53. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

54. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN –Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

55. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

56. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany

57. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

58. W. A. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

59. F. Hormuth

    von Hoerner & Sulger (Germany)

    Affiliation as printed

    von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany

60. Allan Hornstrup

    University of Copenhagen · Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark

    Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark

61. Patrick Hudelot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

62. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

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    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

63. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

64. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

65. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

66. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

67. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

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    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

68. V. Lindholm

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

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    Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

69. Ivan Lloro

    Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands

70. E. Maiorano

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

71. O. Mansutti

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

72. O. Marggraf

    University of Bonn

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    Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany

73. N. Martinet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

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    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

74. F. Marulli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN –Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

75. R. Massey

    Durham University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road DH1 3LE, UK

76. Eduardo Medinaceli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

77. S. Mei

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France

78. Y. Mellier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

79. Massimo Meneghetti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN –Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

80. E. Merlin

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

81. George L. Meylan

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

82. M. Moresco

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

83. Lauro Moscardini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN –Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Augusto Righi" – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

84. Emiliano Munari

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

85. S.-M Niemi

    European Space Agency · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

86. S. Paltani

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

87. FABIO PASIAN

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

88. K. Pedersen

    Aarhus University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

89. Will J. Percival

    University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada

    Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada

90. V. Pettorino

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

91. S. Pires

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

92. Gianluca Polenta

    Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

93. Maurice Poncet

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

94. Lucia Aurelia Popa

    Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania

95. Lucia Pozzetti

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

96. F. Raison

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

97. Alessandro Renzi

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    INFN – Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

98. Jason D. Rhodes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA