Euclid preparation - XLVIII. The pre-launch Science Ground Segment simulation framework

arXiv (Cornell University)

Abstract

The European Space Agency's Euclid mission is one of the upcoming generation of large-scale cosmology surveys, which will map the large-scale structure in the Universe with unprecedented precision. The development and validation of the SGS pipeline requires state-of-the-art simulations with a high level of complexity and accuracy that include subtle instrumental features not accounted for previously as well as faster algorithms for the large-scale production of the expected Euclid data products. In this paper, we present the Euclid SGS simulation framework as applied in a large-scale end-to-end simulation exercise named Science Challenge 8. Our simulation pipeline enables the swift production of detailed image simulations for the construction and validation of the Euclid mission during its qualification phase and will serve as a reference throughout operations. Our end-to-end simulation framework starts with the production of a large cosmological N-body & mock galaxy catalogue simulation. We perform a selection of galaxies down to I_E=26 and 28 mag, respectively, for a Euclid Wide Survey spanning 165 deg^2 and a 1 deg^2 Euclid Deep Survey. We build realistic stellar density catalogues containing Milky Way-like stars down to H<26. Using the latest instrumental models for both the Euclid instruments and spacecraft as well as Euclid-like observing sequences, we emulate with high fidelity Euclid satellite imaging throughout the mission's lifetime. We present the SC8 data set consisting of overlapping visible and near-infrared Euclid Wide Survey and Euclid Deep Survey imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy along with ground-based. This extensive data set enables end-to-end testing of the entire ground segment data reduction and science analysis pipeline as well as the Euclid mission infrastructure, paving the way to future scientific and technical developments and enhancements.

Authors 94

1. Euclid Collaboration
2. S Serrano

   Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

   Institute of Space Sciences

   Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain

3. Patrick Hudelot

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Universite, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

4. Gregor Seidel

   Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

   Affiliation as printed

   Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

5. Jennifer E. Pollack

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers

   Affiliation as printed

   CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

   Universite Paris Cite, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France

6. Eric Jullo

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

   Affiliation as printed

   Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

7. F. Torradeflot

   Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

   Affiliation as printed

   Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas

   Port d'Informacio Cientifica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra

8. D. Benielli

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

   Affiliation as printed

   Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

9. R. Fahed

   Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France

10. T. Auphan

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

11. J. Carretero

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Institute for High Energy Physics · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies

    Port d'Informacio Cientifica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra

12. Hervé Aussel

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

    Affiliation as printed

    Universite Paris-Saclay, Universite Paris Cite, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

13. P Casenove

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

14. Francisco Javier Castander

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Institute of Space Sciences

15. J. Davies

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

16. N. Fourmanoit

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

17. E. Keihanen

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hallstromin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

18. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

19. K. Okumura

    Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Saclay · Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers

    Affiliation as printed

    CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

20. Julien Zoubian

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

21. A. Ealet

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

22. A. Boucaud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Universite Paris Cite, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France

23. H. Bretonnière

    University of California, Santa Cruz

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

24. R. Casas

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Institute of Space Sciences

25. B. Clément

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne

26. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester · University of Oxford

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    Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

27. Koshy George

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Universitats-Sternwarte Munchen, Fakultat fur Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munchen, Germany

28. K. Kiiveri

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hallstromin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

29. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

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    Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hallstromin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

30. M Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Universitats-Sternwarte Munchen, Fakultat fur Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munchen, Germany

31. D. Laugier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

32. Gabriele Mainetti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France

33. Joseph J. Mohr

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany

34. A Montoro

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Institute of Space Sciences

35. Christian Neissner

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Institute for High Energy Physics · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies

    Port d'Informacio Cientifica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra

36. M. Schirmer

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas

    Port d'Informacio Cientifica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra

37. P. Tallada-Crespi

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Institute for High Energy Physics · Port d'Informació Científica

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies

    Port d'Informacio Cientifica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra

38. N. Tonello

    University of Oulu

    Affiliation as printed

    Space physics and astronomy research unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland

39. Aku Venhola

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya

    Institute of Space Sciences

40. A. Verderi

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

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    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

41. N. Aghanim

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain

42. B. Altieri

    University of Portsmouth

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

43. A Amara

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

44. Stefano Andreon

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

45. N. Auricchio

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

46. R. Azzollini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

47. C. Baccigalupi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

48. Marco Baldi

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

49. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

50. Alberto Basset

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

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    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

51. Paola Maria Battaglia

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese

52. Francis Bernardeau

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

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    Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy

53. Christof T. Bodendorf

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

54. D. Bonino

    Universidade do Porto · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences · Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal

55. E. Branchini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese

    INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy

56. M. Brescia

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

57. J. Brinchmann

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese

58. S. Camera

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

59. Gian Paolo Candini Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

    RWTH Aachen University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

60. V. Capobianco

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy

61. C. Carbone

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy

    INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy

62. M. Castellano

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

    Institut national de physique nucleaire et de physique des particules, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75794 Paris Cedex 16, France

63. G. Castignani

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observa-tory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

64. S. Cavuoti

    University of Manchester

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    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

65. A. Cimatti

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

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    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain

    European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy

66. R. Clédassou

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    University of Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

67. G. Congedo

    École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

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    Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne

68. Christopher J. Conselice

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

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    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

69. L. Conversi

    University College London

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    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

70. Y. Copin

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

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    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

71. L. Corcione

    University of Geneva

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

72. F. Courbin

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

73. Hélène M. Courtois

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

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    Departamento de Fisica, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

    Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

74. M. Crocce

    University of Geneva

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    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

75. Mark S. Cropper

    European Space Astronomy Centre

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    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain

76. A da Silva

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

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    INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

77. Hubert Degaudenzi

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy

78. G. De Lucia

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation

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    Universite Paris-Saclay, Universite Paris Cite, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

79. A.M Di Giorgio

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

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    University of Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France

80. J. Dinis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

81. F. Dubath

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

82. X. Dupac

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

83. S. Dusini

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy

84. Maria Farina

    National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy

85. S. Farrens

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

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    Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

86. S. Ferriol

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

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    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

87. M. Frailis

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

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    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

88. Enrico Franceschi

    Brera Astronomical Observatory

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

89. P. Franzetti

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

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    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

90. Samuele Galeotta

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

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    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

    University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany

91. B. Garilli

    University of Milan · Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano

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    Dipartimento di Fisica Aldo Pontremoli, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy

    INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy

92. William Gillard

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway

93. Bryan R. Gillis

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain

94. C. Giocoli Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands