GMP-selected dual and lensed AGNs: Selection function and classification based on near-IR colors and resolved spectra from VLT/ERIS, Keck/OSIRIS, and LBT/LUCI

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 680, pp. A53

Abstract

The Gaia Multipeak (GMP) technique can be used to identify large numbers of dual or lensed active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidates at subarcsec separation, allowing us to study both multiple supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the same galaxy and rare, compact lensed systems. The observed samples can be used to test the predictions of the models of SMBH merging when (1) the selection function of the GMP technique is known, and (2) each system has been classified as a dual AGN, a lensed AGN, or an AGN/star alignment. Here we show that the GMP selection is very efficient for separations above 0.15″ when the secondary (fainter) object has a magnitude G ≲ 20.5. We present the spectroscopic classification of five GMP candidates using VLT/ERIS and Keck/OSIRIS and compare them with the classifications obtained from (a) the near-IR colors of seven systems obtained with LBT/LUCI, and (b) the analysis of the total spatially unresolved spectra. We conclude that colors and integrated spectra can already provide reliable classifications of many systems. Finally, we summarize the confirmed dual AGNs at z > 0.5 selected by the GMP technique, and compare this sample with other such systems from the literature, concluding that GMP can provide a large number of confirmed dual AGNs at separations below 7 kpc.

Authors 44

1. Filippo Mannucci corresponding

   Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

2. M. Scialpi

   Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via G. Sansone 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

3. Anna Ciurlo

   University of California, Los Angeles

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of California Los Angeles , 430 Portola Plaza , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

4. Sherry Yeh

   W.M. Keck Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   W. M. Keck Observatory , 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway , Kamuela , HI 96743 , USA

   W. M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Highway, Kamuela, HI 96743, USA

5. C. Marconcini

   Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via G. Sansone 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

6. G. Tozzi

   Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via G. Sansone 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

7. G. Cresci

   Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

8. ALESSANDRO MARCONI

   Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via G. Sansone 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy

   INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

9. Amirnezam Amiri

   University of Florence · University of Arkansas at Fayetteville

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics , University of Arkansas , 226 Physics Building , 825 West Dickson Street , Fayetteville , AR 72701 , USA

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via G. Sansone 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy

   Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, 226 Physics Building, 825 West Dickson Street, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy

10. Francesco Belfiore

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

11. Stefano Carniani

    Scuola Normale Superiore

    Affiliation as printed

    Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 , 56126 Pisa , Italy

    Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy

12. C. Cicone

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics , University of Oslo , PO Box 1029 , Blindern 0315 , Oslo , Norway

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern 0315, Oslo, Norway

13. Emanuele Nardini

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

14. E. Pancino

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

15. K. Rubinur

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics , University of Oslo , PO Box 1029 , Blindern 0315 , Oslo , Norway

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern 0315, Oslo, Norway

16. P. Severgnini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via Brera 28 , 20121 Milano , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20121 Milano, Italy

17. L. Ulivi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · University of Florence · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Firenze , Via G. Sansone 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

18. Giacomo Venturi

    Scuola Normale Superiore · Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 , 56126 Pisa , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

    Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy

19. C. Vignali

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics and Astronomy Department "Augusto Righi" , Università di Bologna , Via Gobetti 93/2 , 40129 Bologna , Italy

    Physics and Astronomy Department "Augusto Righi", Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy

20. Marta Volonteri

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris , 98bis Bd Arago , 75014 Paris , France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

21. Enrico Pinna

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

22. Fabio Rossi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

23. Alfio Timothy Puglisi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

24. Guido Agapito

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

25. Cédric Plantet

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

26. Luca Carbonaro

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

27. Marco Xompero

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

28. Paolo Grani

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

29. Simone Esposito

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

30. J. Power
    Affiliation as printed

    Large Binocular Telescope Observatory , Tucson , AZ , USA

    Large Binocular Telescope Observatory, Tucson, AZ, USA

31. Julio Ramón
    Affiliation as printed

    Large Binocular Telescope Observatory , Tucson , AZ , USA

32. Andrea Cavallaro
    Affiliation as printed

    Large Binocular Telescope Observatory , Tucson , AZ , USA

    Large Binocular Telescope Observatory, Tucson, AZ, USA

33. R. Davies

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

34. Armando Riccardi

    Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5 , 50125 Firenze , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy

35. Mike MacIntosh

    Royal Observatory · UK Astronomy Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    STFC UK ATC , Royal Observatory Edinburgh , Blackford Hill , Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UK

    STFC UK ATC, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

36. Mauro Dolci

    Collurania Teramo Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo , Via Mentore Maggini , 64100 Teramo , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico d'Abruzzo, Via Mentore Maggini, 64100 Teramo, Italy

37. Andrea Baruffolo

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5 , 35122 Padova , Italy

    INAF -Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy

38. H. Feuchtgruber

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

39. Kateryna Kravchenko

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

40. Christian Rau

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

41. E. Sturm

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

42. E. Wiezorrek

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

43. Yigit Dallilar

    University of Cologne · Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    I. Physikalisches Institut , Universität zu Köln , Zülpicher Str. 77 , 50937 Köln , Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik , Postfach 1312 , 85741 Garching , Germany

    I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany

    Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany

44. Matthew A. Kenworthy Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory , University of Leiden , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands

    Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands