FLAMINGO: calibrating large cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with machine learning
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 526, pp. 6103–6127
Abstract
To fully take advantage of the data provided by large-scale structure surveys, we need to quantify the potential impact of baryonic effects, such as feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and star formation, on cosmological observables. In simulations, feedback processes originate on scales that remain unresolved. Therefore, they need to be sourced via subgrid models that contain free parameters. We use machine learning to calibrate the AGN and stellar feedback models for the FLAMINGO (Fullhydro Large-scale structure simulations with All-sky Mapping for the Interpretation of Next Generation Observations) cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Using Gaussian process emulators trained on Latin hypercubes of 32 smaller volume simulations, we model how the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF) and cluster gas fractions change as a function of the subgrid parameters. The emulators are then fit to observational data, allowing for the inclusion of potential observational biases. We apply our method to the three different FLAMINGO resolutions, spanning a factor of 64 in particle mass, recovering the observed relations within the respective resolved mass ranges. We also use the emulators, which link changes in subgrid parameters to changes in observables, to find models that skirt or exceed the observationally allowed range for cluster gas fractions and the SMF. Our method enables us to define model variations in terms of the data that they are calibrated to rather than the values of specific subgrid parameters. This approach is useful, because subgrid parameters are typically not directly linked to particular observables, and predictions for a specific observable are influenced by multiple subgrid parameters.
Authors 20
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
Lorentz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leiden University , PO box 9506, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Liverpool John Moores University
Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 5RF , UK
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Liverpool John Moores University
Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 5RF , UK
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Liverpool John Moores University
Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 5RF , UK
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Observatoire de Sauverny, CH-1290 Versoix , Switzerland
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Durham University · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE , UK
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University , Stockton Road, DH1 3LE Durham , UK
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