The Planck clusters in the LOFAR sky
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 660, pp. A78
Abstract
Context. Relativistic electrons and magnetic fields permeate the intra-cluster medium (ICM) and manifest themselves as diffuse sources of synchrotron emission observable at radio wavelengths, namely radio halos and radio relics. Although there is broad consensus that the formation of these sources is connected to turbulence and shocks in the ICM, the details of the required particle acceleration, the strength and morphology of the magnetic field in the cluster volume, and the influence of other sources of high-energy particles are poorly known. Aims. Sufficiently large samples of radio halos and relics, which would allow us to examine the variation among the source population and pinpoint their commonalities and differences, are still missing. At present, due to the physical properties of the sources and the capabilities of existing facilities, large numbers of these sources are easiest to detect at low radio frequencies, where they shine brightly. Methods. We examined the low-frequency radio emission from all 309 clusters in the second catalog of Planck Sunyaev Zel’dovich detected sources that lie within the 5634 deg 2 covered by the Second Data Release of the LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey (LoTSS-DR2). We produced LOFAR images at different resolutions, with and without discrete sources subtracted, and created overlays with optical and X-ray images before classifying the diffuse sources in the ICM, guided by a decision tree. Results. Overall, we found 83 clusters that host a radio halo and 26 that host one or more radio relics (including candidates). About half of them are new discoveries. The detection rate of clusters that host a radio halo and one or more relics in our sample is 30 ± 11% and 10 ± 6%, respectively. Extrapolating these numbers, we anticipate that once LoTSS covers the entire northern sky it will provide the detection of 251 ± 92 clusters that host a halo and 83 ± 50 clusters that host at least one relic from Planck clusters alone. All images and results produced in this work are publicly available via the project website.
Authors 26
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INAF – IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
INAF – IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
INAF – IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Leiden University · Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · Leiden Observatory · Space Research Organisation Netherlands · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Space Research Organisation Netherlands
Affiliation as printed
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova
Affiliation as printed
INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
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Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INAF – IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Affiliation as printed
Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany
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Leiden University · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Affiliation as printed
Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg, Germany
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Universität Hamburg · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
INAF – IRA, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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