The KM3NeT potential for the next core-collapse supernova observation with neutrinos

The European Physical Journal C, vol. 81

Abstract

Abstract The KM3NeT research infrastructure is under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two water Cherenkov neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, aimed at neutrino astrophysics and oscillation research, respectively. Instrumenting a large volume of sea water with $$\sim {6200}$$ ∼ 6200 optical modules comprising a total of $$\sim {200{,}000}$$ ∼ 200 , 000 photomultiplier tubes, KM3NeT will achieve sensitivity to $$\sim {10} \ \mathrm{MeV}$$ ∼ 10 MeV neutrinos from Galactic and near-Galactic core-collapse supernovae through the observation of coincident hits in photomultipliers above the background. In this paper, the sensitivity of KM3NeT to a supernova explosion is estimated from detailed analyses of background data from the first KM3NeT detection units and simulations of the neutrino signal. The KM3NeT observational horizon (for a $$5\,\sigma $$ 5 σ discovery) covers essentially the Milky-Way and for the most optimistic model, extends to the Small Magellanic Cloud ( $$\sim {60} \ \mathrm{kpc}$$ ∼ 60 kpc ). Detailed studies of the time profile of the neutrino signal allow assessment of the KM3NeT capability to determine the arrival time of the neutrino burst with a few milliseconds precision for sources up to 5–8 kpc away, and detecting the peculiar signature of the standing accretion shock instability if the core-collapse supernova explosion happens closer than 3–5 kpc, depending on the progenitor mass. KM3NeT’s capability to measure the neutrino flux spectral parameters is also presented.

Authors 99

1. S. Aiello

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy

2. A. Albert

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Haute-Alsace · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Université de Strasbourg

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France

   Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, GRPHE, 34, Rue du Grillenbreit, 68008, Colmar, France

3. S. Alves Garre

   Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

   Affiliation as printed

   IFIC-Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain

4. Z. Aly

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

   Affiliation as printed

   Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

5. Antonio Ambrosone

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

   Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dip. Scienze Fisiche “E. Pancini”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

6. F. Ameli

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

7. Michel L. Andre

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

   Affiliation as printed

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Laboratori d’Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Avda. Rambla Exposició, s/n, 08800, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain

   Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Laboratori d'Aplicacions Bioacústiques, Centre Tecnològic de Vilanova i la Geltrú, Avda. Rambla Exposició, s/n, 08800, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain

8. Giorgos Androulakis

   National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" · Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310, Athens, Greece

9. Marco Anghinolfi

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova

   Affiliation as printed

   INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy

10. M. Anguita

    Universidad de Granada

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Computer Architecture and Technology/CITIC, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain

11. G. Anton

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

12. M. Ardid

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain

13. Salva Ardid

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain

14. J. Aublin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

15. Christos Bagatelas

    National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" · Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    NCSR Demokritos, Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, 15310, Athens, Greece

16. B. Baret

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

17. Suzan Basegmez du Pree

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

18. M. Bendahman

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

19. F. Benfenati

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy

20. Edward Berbee

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

21. A. M. van den Berg

    University of Groningen

    Affiliation as printed

    KVI-CART University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

22. Vincent Bertin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

23. S. Biagi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

24. M. Bissinger

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

25. M. Böttcher

    North-West University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

26. M. Bou-Cabo

    Instituto Español de Oceanografía

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Unidad Mixta IEO-UPV, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain

27. Jihad Boumaaza

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

28. Mohammed Bouta

    Mohamed I University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Sciences, BV Mohammed VI, University Mohammed I, B.P. 717, R.P. 60000, Oujda, Morocco

29. M.C. Bouwhuis

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

30. C. Bozza

    University of Salerno · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy

31. Horea Branzas

    Institute of Space Science - INFLPR Subsidiary

    Affiliation as printed

    ISS, Atomistilor 409, 077125, Măgurele, Romania

32. R. Bruijn

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics · Institute of Physics · University of Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Physics/IHEF, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94216, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

33. Jürgen Brunner

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

34. Ernst J. Buis

    Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

    Affiliation as printed

    TNO, Technical Sciences, PO Box 155, 2600 AD, Delft, The Netherlands

35. R. Buompane

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

36. J. Busto

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

37. B. Caiffi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy

38. David C. Calvo

    Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC-Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain

39. A. Capone

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

40. V. Carretero

    Universitat de València · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC-Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain

41. Paolo Castaldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia Elettrica e dell’Informazione “Guglielmo Marconi”, Università di Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522, Cesena, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy

42. S. Celli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

43. M. Chabab

    Cadi Ayyad University

    Affiliation as printed

    Physics Department, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. My Abdellah, P.O.B. 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

44. Thien Nhan Chau

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

45. Andrew W Chen

    University of the Witwatersrand

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa

46. S. Cherubini

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

47. V. Chiarella

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, LNF, Via Enrico Fermi, 40, 00044, Frascati, Italy

48. T. Chiarusi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy

49. M. Circella

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy

50. Rosanna Cocimano

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

51. J. A. B. Coelho

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

52. A. Coleiro

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

53. Marta Colomer Molla corresponding

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Universitat de València · Université Paris Cité · Instituto de Física Corpuscular

    Affiliation as printed

    IFIC-Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-Universitat de València), c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

54. R. Coniglione

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

55. Paschal Coyle

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

56. A. Creusot

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

57. G. Cuttone

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

58. R. Dallier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · IMT Atlantique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Nantes · Nantes Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Subatech, IMT Atlantique, IN2P3-CNRS, Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler-La Chantrerie, BP 20722 44307, Nantes, France

59. B. De Martino

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

60. M. De Palma

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari · University of Bari Aldo Moro

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy

    University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy

61. M. Di Marino

    University of Salerno · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy

62. I. Di Palma

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

63. Antonio Francisco Díaz

    Universidad de Granada

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Computer Architecture and Technology/CITIC, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain

64. Didac Diego-Tortosa

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain

65. Carla Distefano

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

66. Alba Domi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy

    Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy

67. C. Donzaud

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

68. D. Dornic

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

69. Manuel Dörr

    University of Würzburg

    Affiliation as printed

    University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany

70. D. Drouhin

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université de Haute-Alsace · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Université de Strasbourg

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France

    Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, GRPHE, 34, Rue du Grillenbreit, 68008, Colmar, France

71. T. Eberl

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

72. A. Eddyamoui

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

73. Thijs van Eeden

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

74. D. van Eijk

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

75. I. El Bojaddaini

    Mohamed I University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Sciences, BV Mohammed VI, University Mohammed I, B.P. 717, R.P. 60000, Oujda, Morocco

76. D. Elsäesser

    University of Würzburg

    Affiliation as printed

    University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 31, 97074, Würzburg, Germany

77. A. Enzenhöfer

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

78. V. Espinosa

    Universitat Politècnica de València

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/ Paranimf, 1, 46730, Gandia, Spain

79. P. Fermani

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

80. Giovanna Ferrara

    University of Catania · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

81. Miroslav D Filipović

    Western Sydney University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia

82. F. Filippini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, v.le C. Berti-Pichat, 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy

83. L. Fusco

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

84. Omar Gabella

    Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon-CC 72, 34095, Montpellier Cédex 05, France

85. T. Gal

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

86. Fabio Garufi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

    Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Dip. Scienze Fisiche “E. Pancini”, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

    Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dip. Scienze Fisiche "E. Pancini", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

87. Y. Gatelet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Cité

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Paris, CNRS Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013, Paris, France

88. N. Geißelbrecht

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

89. L. Gialanella

    University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia ed. G, 80126, Naples, Italy

90. E. Giorgio

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Via S. Sofia 62, 95123, Catania, Italy

91. Sara Rebecca Gozzini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I · Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Physics Department, University La Sapienza, Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Rome, Italy

92. Rodrigo Gracia

    National Institute for Subatomic Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, PO Box 41882, 1009 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

93. K. Graf

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

94. Dario Grasso

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy

95. Giuseppe Grella

    University of Salerno · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Italy

96. Daniel Guderian

    University of Münster

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Kernphysik, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149, Münster, Germany

97. C. Guidi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy

    Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genoa, Italy

98. Julia Haefner

    Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

    Affiliation as printed

    Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

99. Hassane Hamdaoui

    Mohammed V University

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco

    Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V in Rabat, 4 av. Ibn Battouta, B.P. 1014, R.P. 10000, Rabat, Morocco