Planck intermediate results

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 644, pp. A99

Abstract

We describe an extension of the most recent version of the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS2), produced using a new multi-band Bayesian Extraction and Estimation Package (BeeP). BeeP assumes that the compact sources present in PCCS2 at 857 GHz have a dust-like spectral energy distribution (SED), which leads to emission at both lower and higher frequencies, and adjusts the parameters of the source and its SED to fit the emission observed in Planck’s three highest frequency channels at 353, 545, and 857 GHz, as well as the IRIS map at 3000 GHz. In order to reduce confusion regarding diffuse cirrus emission, BeeP’s data model includes a description of the background emission surrounding each source, and it adjusts the confidence in the source parameter extraction based on the statistical properties of the spatial distribution of the background emission. BeeP produces the following three new sets of parameters for each source: (a) fits to a modified blackbody (MBB) thermal emission model of the source; (b) SED-independent source flux densities at each frequency considered; and (c) fits to an MBB model of the background in which the source is embedded. BeeP also calculates, for each source, a reliability parameter, which takes into account confusion due to the surrounding cirrus. This parameter can be used to extract sub-samples of high-frequency sources with statistically well-understood properties. We define a high-reliability subset (BeeP/base), containing 26 083 sources (54.1% of the total PCCS2 catalogue), the majority of which have no information on reliability in the PCCS2. We describe the characteristics of this specific high-quality subset of PCCS2 and its validation against other data sets, specifically for: the sub-sample of PCCS2 located in low-cirrus areas; the Planck Catalogue of Galactic Cold Clumps; the Herschel GAMA15-field catalogue; and the temperature- and spectral-index-reconstructed dust maps obtained with Planck’s Generalized Needlet Internal Linear Combination method. The results of the BeeP extension of PCCS2, which are made publicly available via the Planck Legacy Archive, will enable the study of the thermal properties of well-defined samples of compact Galactic and extragalactic dusty sources.

Authors 98

1. Y. Akrami Aachen Institute Lorentz

   Leiden University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · University of Oslo · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · École Normale Supérieure - PSL

   Affiliation as printed

   Département de Physique, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

   Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands

   Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

2. M. Ashdown

   University of Cambridge

   Affiliation as printed

   Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

   Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

3. J. Aumont

   Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

4. Carlo Baccigalupi

   Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati

   Affiliation as printed

   SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

5. M. Ballardini

   Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · University of the Western Cape · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa

   INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

6. Anthony J. Banday

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

   Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

7. R. Belén Barreiro

   Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

8. N. Bartolo

   University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

9. S. Basak

   Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram

   Affiliation as printed

   School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551 Kerala, India

10. K. Benabed

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

11. J.-P. Bernard

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

12. Marco Bersanelli

    University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy

    INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy

13. P. Bielewicz

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · National Centre for Nuclear Research

    Affiliation as printed

    National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. L. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland

    SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

14. J. Richard Bond

    University of Toronto · Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada

15. Jullian Borrill

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · Space Sciences Laboratory · University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

16. François R. Bouchet

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

17. C. Burigana

    University of Ferrara · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

18. E. Calabrese

    Cardiff University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK

19. P. Carvalho
    Affiliation as printed

    CMDLABS, Cambridge Machines Deep Learning and Bayesian Systems Ltd, 22 Wycombe End, Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire HP9 1NB, UK

20. H. C. Chiang

    Princeton University · University of KwaZulu-Natal

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

21. Brendan P. Crill

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

22. F. Cuttaia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

23. A. de Rosa

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

24. G. de Zotti

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy

25. J. Delabrouille

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

26. J.‐M. Delouis

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Ifremer · Laboratory for Ocean Physics and Satellite Remote Sensing · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Brest, France

    Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Brest, France

27. Eleonora Di Valentino

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

28. Jose Maria Diego

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

29. X. Dupac

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

30. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

31. G. Efstathiou

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

32. F. Elsner

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

33. Torsten A. Enßlin

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

34. Hans Kristian Eriksen

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

35. R. Fernández-Cobos

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

36. Fabio Finelli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

37. A. A. Fraisse

    Princeton University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

38. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

39. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy

40. Ken M. Ganga

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

41. M. Gerbino

    Argonne National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA

42. J. González-Nuevo

    Universidad de Oviedo

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain

43. Krzysztof M. Gorski

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory · University of Warsaw

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

44. S. Gratton

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

45. ALESSANDRO GRUPPUSO

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

46. J. E. Gudmundsson

    Stockholm University · Princeton University · AlbaNova

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

47. Will J. Handley

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

48. Frode K. Hansen

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

49. D. Herranz

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

50. Eric F. Hivon

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

51. M. Hobson

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

52. Zhiqi Huang

    Sun Yat-sen University

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China

53. William C. Jones

    Princeton University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

54. Elina Keihänen

    University of Helsinki

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

55. Reijo Keskitalo

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

56. J. Kim

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

57. T. S. Kisner

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA

58. N. Krachmalnicoff

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati

    Affiliation as printed

    SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

59. Martin Kunz

    Université Paris-Sud · University of Geneva · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · African Institute for Mathematical Sciences · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa

    Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

60. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

61. J.‐M. Lamarre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France

62. Anthony Norden Lasenby

    University of Cambridge

    Affiliation as printed

    Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

    Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

63. Massimiliano Lattanzi

    University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

64. M. Le Jeune

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

65. F. Levrier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères

    Affiliation as printed

    Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France

66. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway

67. V. Lindholm

    University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

68. M. López-Caniego

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

69. Yin-Zhe Ma

    Purple Mountain Observatory · University of KwaZulu-Natal

    Affiliation as printed

    NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre (NUCAC), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa

    Purple Mountain Observatory, No. 8 Yuan Hua Road, 210034 Nanjing, PR China

    School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa

70. Juan Francisco Macias-Perez

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie · Université Grenoble Alpes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 Rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France

71. G. Maggio

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy

72. N. Mandolesi

    University of Ferrara · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

73. Airam Marcos-Caballero

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

74. MICHELE MARIS

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy

75. Peter G. Martin

    University of Toronto · Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada

76. Enrique Martínez-González

    Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain

77. S. Matarrese

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova · Gran Sasso Science Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

    Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy

78. N. Mauri

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

79. J. D. McEwen

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

80. M. Migliaccio

    University of Rome Tor Vergata · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy

81. D. Molinari

    University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

82. A. Moneti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France

83. L. Montier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

    Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

84. Gianluca Morgante

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

85. P. Natoli

    University of Ferrara · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

    Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

86. D. Paoletti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

    INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

87. Bruce Partridge

    Haverford College

    Affiliation as printed

    Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA

88. Francesca Perrotta

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati

    Affiliation as printed

    SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

89. V. Pettorino

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris-Saclay · Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

90. F. Piacentini

    Sapienza University of Rome

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy

91. Gianluca Polenta

    Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

    Affiliation as printed

    Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy

92. J.‐L. Puget

    Université Paris-Sud · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

    Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

93. Jörg Paul Rachen

    Radboud University Nijmegen

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

94. M. Reinecke

    Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany

95. Mathieu Remazeilles

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

96. Alessandro Renzi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy

97. Graca M. Rocha

    California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

98. G. Roudier

    California Institute of Technology · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Jet Propulsion Laboratory · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Université · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot

    Affiliation as printed

    APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France