Planck intermediate results
Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 643, pp. A42
Abstract
We present the NPIPE processing pipeline, which produces calibrated frequency maps in temperature and polarization from data from the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and High Frequency Instrument (HFI) using high-performance computers. NPIPE represents a natural evolution of previous Planck analysis efforts, and combines some of the most powerful features of the separate LFI and HFI analysis pipelines. For example, following the LFI 2018 processing procedure, NPIPE uses foreground polarization priors during the calibration stage in order to break scanning-induced degeneracies. Similarly, NPIPE employs the HFI 2018 time-domain processing methodology to correct for bandpass mismatch at all frequencies. In addition, NPIPE introduces several improvements, including, but not limited to: inclusion of the 8% of data collected during repointing manoeuvres; smoothing of the LFI reference load data streams; in-flight estimation of detector polarization parameters; and construction of maximally independent detector-set split maps. For component-separation purposes, important improvements include: maps that retain the CMB Solar dipole, allowing for high-precision relative calibration in higher-level analyses; well-defined single-detector maps, allowing for robust CO extraction; and HFI temperature maps between 217 and 857 GHz that are binned into 0′.9 pixels (Nside = 4096), ensuring that the full angular information in the data is represented in the maps even at the highest Planck resolutions. The net effect of these improvements is lower levels of noise and systematics in both frequency and component maps at essentially all angular scales, as well as notably improved internal consistency between the various frequency channels. Based on the NPIPE maps, we present the first estimate of the Solar dipole determined through component separation across all nine Planck frequencies. The amplitude is (3366.6 ± 2.7) μK, consistent with, albeit slightly higher than, earlier estimates. From the large-scale polarization data, we derive an updated estimate of the optical depth of reionization of τ = 0.051 ± 0.006, which appears robust with respect to data and sky cuts. There are 600 complete signal, noise and systematics simulations of the full-frequency and detector-set maps. As a Planck first, these simulations include full time-domain processing of the beam-convolved CMB anisotropies. The release of NPIPE maps and simulations is accompanied with a complete suite of raw and processed time-ordered data and the software, scripts, auxiliary data, and parameter files needed to improve further on the analysis and to run matching simulations.
Authors 98
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Leiden University · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · University of Oslo · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · École Normale Supérieure - PSL
Affiliation as printed
Département de Physique, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern Oslo, Norway
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern Oslo, Norway
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Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati
Affiliation as printed
SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · University of the Western Cape · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse
Affiliation as printed
CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
Affiliation as printed
School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551 Kerala, India
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université
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Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse
Affiliation as printed
CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · National Centre for Nuclear Research
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National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. L. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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University of Toronto · Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
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CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · Space Sciences Laboratory · University of California, Berkeley
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Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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University of Ferrara · Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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Princeton University · University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie · Université Grenoble Alpes
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Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 Rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Université Paris-Sud · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
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European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern Oslo, Norway
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory
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INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
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Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory
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INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université
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Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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California Institute of Technology · National Institute of Science Education and Research
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Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, Odissa, India
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Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca 18, Oviedo, Spain
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory · University of Warsaw
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Stockholm University · Princeton University · AlbaNova
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Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
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California Institute of Technology
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California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université
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Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China
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Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
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Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati
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SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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Université Paris-Sud · University of Geneva · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · African Institute for Mathematical Sciences · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale
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African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation as printed
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
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University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot
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APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères
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Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, École normale supérieure, CNRS, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France
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University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern Oslo, Norway
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université
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Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
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University of Helsinki · Helsinki Institute of Physics
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Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre
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European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
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University of California, Santa Barbara
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Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie · Université Grenoble Alpes
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Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 Rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
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University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
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University of Ferrara · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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Trieste Astronomical Observatory
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INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
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University of Toronto · Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
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CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
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Universidad de Cantabria · Instituto de Física de Cantabria
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Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova · Gran Sasso Science Institute
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, Viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna
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INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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University of California, Santa Barbara
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Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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University of Milan · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
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University of Rome Tor Vergata · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory · Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
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IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
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University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
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Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse
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CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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University of Ferrara · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara
Affiliation as printed
Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics
Affiliation as printed
INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives · Observatoire de Paris · Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie · Sorbonne Paris Cité · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université Paris Diderot
Affiliation as printed
APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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California Institute of Technology · Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Affiliation as printed
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
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California Institute of Technology · Infrared Processing and Analysis Center
Affiliation as printed
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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