Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora
Scientific Reports, vol. 10, pp. 10130
Abstract
Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come.
Authors 99
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Naturalis Biodiversity Center · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands. hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl
Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands. hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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Paulo Inácio Prado corresponding
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil. prado@ib.usp.br
Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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Naturalis Biodiversity Center · Universidade de São Paulo
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi · Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia · Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil
Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Perimetral, s/n, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
Affiliation as printed
EMBRAPA - Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 - Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil
EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Field Museum of Natural History · Universidad de Las Américas
Affiliation as printed
Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri, Quito, Ecuador
Keller Science Action Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
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Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha, Amapá, 68901-025, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Affiliation as printed
Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz, 55128, Germany
Dep. of Wetland Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Affiliation as printed
AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha, Amapá, 68901-025, Brazil
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Affiliation as printed
AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
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Affiliation as printed
Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Field Museum of Natural History
Affiliation as printed
Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Instituto de Biociências - IB, Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB, Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
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National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco
Affiliation as printed
Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru
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Affiliation as printed
Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
Affiliation as printed
Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto - DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
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Universidade Federal de Rondônia
Affiliation as printed
Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
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Florida Museum of Natural History · University of Florida · James Cook University
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Universidade Federal de Rondônia
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
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Universidade Federal de Rondônia
Affiliation as printed
Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil
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University of Leeds · Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5, Iquitos, Loreto, 784, Peru
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia · Bolivian Forest Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
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Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Affiliation as printed
Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia, 1027, Colombia
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
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Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso
Affiliation as printed
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
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Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso
Affiliation as printed
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
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Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University
Affiliation as printed
Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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University of Leeds · University of Exeter
Affiliation as printed
Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Florida International University · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Affiliation as printed
AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France
International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane
Affiliation as printed
Cirad UMR Ecofog, AgrosParisTech,CNRS,INRA,Univ Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex, 97379, France
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Florida International University
Affiliation as printed
International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Postboks 1172, Oslo, 0318, Norway
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Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela
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Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
Affiliation as printed
Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
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Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
Affiliation as printed
Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá
Affiliation as printed
Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69470-000, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69060-001, Brazil
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ, Pav. Arthur Neiva - Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ, Pav. Arthur Neiva – Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
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Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation · Universidade Federal do Pará
Affiliation as printed
Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n°, Belém, PA, 66095-100, Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora
Affiliation as printed
Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Botanica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD, 20901, USA
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Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University · Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado
Affiliation as printed
Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
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Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Via Chorros de Milla, 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
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National Park Service · Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
Affiliation as printed
Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA, 22405, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2, Macapá, AP, 68902-280, Brazil
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University of California, Berkeley
Affiliation as printed
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
Affiliation as printed
Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, 13.083-970, Brazil
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Universidade de Brasília · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
Department of Ecology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70904-970, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Peru
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Carnegie Institution for Science · Florida International University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Centro Universitário do Pará · Universidade Federal do Pará
Affiliation as printed
Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
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Affiliation as printed
Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
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Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
Affiliation as printed
Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
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Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
Affiliation as printed
Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA
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University of Leeds · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University · Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado
Affiliation as printed
Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
Affiliation as printed
Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
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