A

Biased-corrected richness estimates for the Amazonian tree flora

Scientific Reports, vol. 10, pp. 10130

Abstract

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come.

Authors 99

  1. Naturalis Biodiversity Center · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands. hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl

    Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands. hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl

    Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands

    Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands

  2. Paulo Inácio Prado corresponding

    Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil. prado@ib.usp.br

    Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil

  3. Naturalis Biodiversity Center · Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil

    Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands

  4. Utrecht University

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands

  5. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  6. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  7. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi · Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia · Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil

    Programa Professor Visitante Nacional Sênior na Amazônia - CAPES, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Perimetral, s/n, Belém, PA, Brazil

  8. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  9. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  10. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

    Affiliation as printed

    EMBRAPA - Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 - Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil

    EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR, 69301-970, Brazil

  11. University of Leeds

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

  12. Field Museum of Natural History · Universidad de Las Américas

    Affiliation as printed

    Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS, Universidad de las Américas, Campus Queri, Quito, Ecuador

    Keller Science Action Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA

  13. Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha, Amapá, 68901-025, Brazil

  14. Instituto Sinchi

    Affiliation as printed

    Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

  15. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  16. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

    Affiliation as printed

    Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz, 55128, Germany

    Dep. of Wetland Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT, Josefstr.1, Rastatt, D-76437, Germany

  17. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  18. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France

  19. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  20. Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Rodovia JK, Km 10, Campus do IEPA da Fazendinha, Amapá, 68901-025, Brazil

  21. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France

  22. Naturalis Biodiversity Center

    Affiliation as printed

    Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands

  23. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  24. Field Museum of Natural History

    Affiliation as printed

    Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA

  25. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  26. Jardín Botánico de Missouri

    Affiliation as printed

    Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru

  27. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil

  28. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Instituto de Biociências - IB, Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil

    Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP – Instituto de Biociências – IB, Av. 24 A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil

  29. National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco

    Affiliation as printed

    Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru

  30. University of Stirling

    Affiliation as printed

    Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK

  31. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais

    Affiliation as printed

    Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto - DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil

    Divisao de Sensoriamento Remoto – DSR, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, Jardim da Granja, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil

  32. Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil

  33. Florida Museum of Natural History · University of Florida · James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia

    Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

  34. Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil

  35. Universidade Federal de Rondônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós- Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia PPG- Bionorte, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Campus Porto Velho Km 9,5 bairro Rural, Porto Velho, RO, 76.824-027, Brazil

  36. University of Leeds · Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Av. A. Quiñones km 2,5, Iquitos, Loreto, 784, Peru

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

  37. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia · Bolivian Forest Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Av. 6 de agosto #28, Km. 14, Doble via La Guardia, Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  38. Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia, 1027, Colombia

  39. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  40. Instituto Sinchi

    Affiliation as printed

    Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

  41. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  42. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  43. Affiliation as printed

    Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  44. Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil

  45. Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil

  46. Jardín Botánico de Missouri

    Affiliation as printed

    Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru

  47. Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University

    Affiliation as printed

    Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  48. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  49. University of Leeds · University of Exeter

    Affiliation as printed

    Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

  50. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement · Florida International University · Université de Montpellier · Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement · UMR Botanique et Modélisation de l’Architecture des Plantes et des végétations · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

    Affiliation as printed

    AMAP, IRD, Cirad, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34398, France

    International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

  51. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane

    Affiliation as printed

    Cirad UMR Ecofog, AgrosParisTech,CNRS,INRA,Univ Guyane, Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex, 97379, France

  52. Florida International University

    Affiliation as printed

    International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

  53. University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Postboks 1172, Oslo, 0318, Norway

  54. Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela

  55. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

    Affiliation as printed

    Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil

  56. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

    Affiliation as printed

    Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil

  57. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  58. James Cook University

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, 4870, Australia

  59. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  60. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  61. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  62. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  63. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  64. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá

    Affiliation as printed

    Diretoria Técnico-Científica, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, 2584, Tefé, AM, 69470-000, Brazil

  65. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  66. Universidade Federal do Pará

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

  67. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM, 69060-001, Brazil

    Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ, Pav. Arthur Neiva - Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil

    Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC/FIOCRUZ, Pav. Arthur Neiva – Térreo, Av. Brasil, 4365 – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil

  68. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation · Universidade Federal do Pará

    Affiliation as printed

    Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n°, Belém, PA, 66095-100, Brazil

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

  69. University of Leeds

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

  70. Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela

  71. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  72. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil

  73. Universidade de São Paulo

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Botanica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil

  74. Universidad de Los Andes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18a- 10, Bogotá, DC, 111711, Colombia

  75. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Botânica), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  76. University of Amsterdam

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands

  77. Affiliation as printed

    Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD, 20901, USA

  78. Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University · Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado

    Affiliation as printed

    Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  79. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brazil

  80. Universidad de Los Andes

    Affiliation as printed

    Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes, Via Chorros de Milla, 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela

  81. National Park Service · Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA

    Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA, 22405, USA

  82. Universidade Federal do Amapá

    Affiliation as printed

    Universidade Federal do Amapá, Ciências Ambientais, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek km2, Macapá, AP, 68902-280, Brazil

  83. University of California, Berkeley

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA

  84. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

    Affiliation as printed

    Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP, 13.083-970, Brazil

  85. Universidade de Brasília · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Department of Ecology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 70904-970, Brazil

  86. Cornell University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA

    Peruvian Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (PCBC), Iquitos, Peru

  87. Carnegie Institution for Science · Florida International University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB) Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 243, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

  88. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  89. Affiliation as printed

    Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru

  90. Imperial College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK

  91. Centro Universitário do Pará · Universidade Federal do Pará

    Affiliation as printed

    Escola de Negócios Tecnologia e Inovação, Centro Universitário do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil

    Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

  92. Universidad Estatal Amazónica

    Affiliation as printed

    Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador

  93. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA

  94. Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, DC, 20560-0705, USA

  95. University of Leeds · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

  96. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

  97. Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University · Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado

    Affiliation as printed

    Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Bolivia

  98. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais · Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

    Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

  99. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia

    Affiliation as printed

    Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil

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