Dialect, language, nation: 50 years on

Language Policy, vol. 19, pp. 161–182

Abstract

Abstract Over 50 years ago, the Norwegian-American linguist Einar Haugen published a seminal paper entitled ‘Dialect, language and nation’ (Am Anthropol 68:922–935, 1966b), in which he expounds his four-step model of standardization, explaining the development from dialect to standard following a process of norm selection, codification, acceptance and elaboration. In this article, we start by discussing the life and work of Einar Haugen, situating him within the history of linguistic thought throughout his career. Next, we zoom in on his standardization framework more specifically, discussing the relevant aspects of his four-box matrix, but also comparing his initial proposals to later influential publications on the subject expanding on his ideas, most notably by Milroy and Milroy (Authority in language. Investigating language prescription and standardisation, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1985) and Joseph (The rise of language standards and standard languages, Frances Pinter, London, 1987b). Finally, we will proceed to give an overview of what we perceive to be major lacunae or shortcomings in Haugen’s standardization framework, focusing on specific elements missing, unclear or in need of refinement in one of the four originally defined steps, but also discussing Haugen’s fairly restrictive understanding of the directionality of language change, the narrow empirical scope of traditional standardization research, the crucial role played by ideology in the development of a standard variety, and the strong monolingual bias and relative absence of language contact in traditional accounts of standardization.

Authors 3

1. John E. Joseph

   University of Edinburgh

   Affiliation as printed

   Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK

2. Gijsbert Rutten corresponding Aachen

   Leiden University

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL), Van Wijkplaats 4, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands

3. Rik Vosters

   Vrije Universiteit Brussel

   Affiliation as printed

   Centrum voor Linguïstiek, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium