Nambu–Goldstone Modes

Cambridge University Press eBooks, pp. 68–79

Abstract

In this chapter, we introduce the elementary excitations associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking, the Nambu–Goldstone modes. We analyse the number of independent modes to be expected for any given set of broken symmetries and their types. An overview is given of the various kinds of excitations closely related to Nambu–Goldstone modes, as well as their gapped partner modes, and the relationship between these modes and the generalised concept of rigidity is elucidated.

Authors 3

1. Aron J. Beekman
   Affiliation as printed

   Sioux Technologies

2. Louk Rademaker Aachen

   Leiden University · University of Geneva

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Geneva and Leiden University

3. Jasper van Wezel

   University of Amsterdam

   Affiliation as printed

   University of Amsterdam