Ring Asymmetry and Spin in M87
Abstract
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of the supermassive black hole M87* depict an asymmetric ring of emission. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of M87* and its accretion disk predict that the amplitude and location of the ring's peak brightness asymmetry should fluctuate due to turbulence in the source plasma. We compare the observed distribution of brightness asymmetry amplitudes to the simulated distribution in GRMHD models, across varying black hole spin a(*). We show that, for strongly magnetized (MAD) models, three epochs of EHT data marginally disfavor divided by a(*)divided by less than or similar to 0.2. This is consistent with the Blandford-Znajek model for M87's jet, which predicts that M87* should have nonzero spin. We show quantitatively how future observations could improve spin constraints and discuss how improved spin constraints could distinguish between differing jet-launching mechanisms and black hole growth scenarios.
Authors 100
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University of Arizona · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; nconroy2@illinois.edu
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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Illinois Center for Advanced Study of the Universe, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Los Alamos National Laboratory · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; nconroy2@illinois.edu
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Illinois Center for Advanced Study of the Universe, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 605 East Springfield Avenue, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Harvard University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
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Affiliation as printed
Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · The University of Texas at San Antonio · Rice University
Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
Physics & Astronomy Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1827, USA
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106216, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Universitat de València · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy · Chalmers University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory · University of Chicago
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Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
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East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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California Institute of Technology
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California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · East Asian Observatory
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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University of Waterloo · Perimeter Institute
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Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · University of Maryland, College Park
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Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Physics, University of Maryland, 7901 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
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Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People’s Republic of China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
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Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
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Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
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Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Yonsei University · Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute · Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
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Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
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Chalmers University of Technology
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Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
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Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
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Goethe University Frankfurt · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Central China Normal University
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Institute of Astrophysics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian · The University of Texas at San Antonio
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Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · University of Naples Federico II
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Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
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University of the Witwatersrand · Rhodes University · University of Pretoria
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Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics · University of Colorado Boulder
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JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
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Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of China
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Harvard University · Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network · University of California, Santa Barbara
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Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory
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National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Google (United States) · Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
Google Research, 355 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Goethe University Frankfurt · University of Würzburg · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
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Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
Affiliation as printed
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
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Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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University of Cagliari · Universidade de São Paulo · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari · Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari
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Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
INFN, sezione di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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University of Southern Denmark · Heidelberg University · Institute for Theoretical Physics
Affiliation as printed
CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Institute for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics · Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación
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Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., Mexico
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Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
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Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Nagoya City University · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
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Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8501, Aichi, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
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Trottier Space Institute at McGill · McGill University
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Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · East Asian Observatory · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106216, Taiwan, R.O.C
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106216, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
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National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Affiliation as printed
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., Mexico
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Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe · The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI · The Institute of Statistical Mathematics · National Astronomical Observatory of Japan · The University of Tokyo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8583, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan
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Leiden University · National Radio Astronomy Observatory · Leiden Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica · Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106216, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Affiliation as printed
Center for Astrophysics ∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow
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Applied Materials (United States)
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ASTRAVEO LLC, PO Box 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931, USA
Applied Materials Inc., 35 Dory Road, Gloucester, MA 01930, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Radboud University Nijmegen · Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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University of Turku · Aalto University
Affiliation as printed
Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun Yliopisto, Finland
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Chinese Academy of Sciences · Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Affiliation as printed
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, People’s Republic of China
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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