Lifespan brain structural variation reveals shared organization across mental health conditions
Abstract
Abstract Elucidating the neurobiological basis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions (NDPCs) remains challenging because brain alterations vary within diagnoses and overlap across them. Whether diverse alterations follow a systematic organization that may reflect shared vulnerabilities remains unknown. Here, we assembled 10,135 individuals with schizophrenia, autism, bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, generalized anxiety, and major depressive disorders, and 11,998 reference participants across six continents through the ENIGMA consortium. Using normative modeling, we quantified individual deviations in cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volumes relative to lifespan reference trajectories (5 to 80 years). We show that structural deviations converged along cortical axes reflecting connectome organization, maturation, and cytoarchitectonic diversity. These axes mirrored typical population variation, but their expression differed across diagnoses and partly scaled with symptom severity. Even rare and highly individualized extreme deviations followed this organization, concentrating in densely connected regions. Finally, brain structural deviations overlapped substantially across diagnoses, while differences between them increased toward the association cortex. Together, we provide large-scale evidence that structural deviations across NDPCs are systematically constrained by the brain’s intrinsic architecture. This shared organization provides a framework for reconciling individual variability with transdiagnostic similarities and motivates an integrative, systems-level understanding of mental health.
Authors 99
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Meike Dorothee Hettwer corresponding
Forschungszentrum Jülich · Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences · University of Pennsylvania
Affiliation as printed
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Children's Hospital of Philadelphia · University of Pennsylvania Health System · University of Pennsylvania
Affiliation as printed
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and CHOP, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Forschungszentrum Jülich · Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences · Leipzig University
Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Radboud University Medical Center · Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
Affiliation as printed
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Bellvitge University Hospital · Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Institut d’Investigació Biomèrica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Hospital Universitario La Paz · Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research · Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Investigación del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Hartford Hospital · Yale University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA
Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CN, USA
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Affiliation as printed
University of Luebeck, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Luebeck, Germany
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National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
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Fondazione Santa Lucia · Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
University of Minnesota Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, USA
University of Minnesota, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB), Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Universidade de São Paulo · Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
Affiliation as printed
Department of Methods and Techniques in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Leiden University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Vita-Salute San Raffaele University · IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
Affiliation as printed
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Bellvitge University Hospital · Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Psychiatry and Mental Health Group, Institut d’Investigació Biomèrica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Jena University Hospital · Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit · Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
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University of Copenhagen · Virginia Commonwealth University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
KabScientific
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Curtin University · Region Stockholm · Karolinska Institutet · Stockholm Health Care Services
Affiliation as printed
Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
University of Luebeck, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Luebeck, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
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University of Milan · Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele · Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele
Affiliation as printed
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Harvard University · McLean Hospital
Affiliation as printed
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
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Willem B. Bruin Aachen Section Forensic Family & Youth Care Institute of Education and Child Studies
Leiden University · Amsterdam Neuroscience · Amsterdam University Medical Centers · University of Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Section Forensic Family and Youth Care, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Universidade de São Paulo · Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
Affiliation as printed
Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hunter Medical Research Institute · University of Newcastle Australia
Affiliation as printed
Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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University of Pisa · Fondazione Stella Maris
Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa (Italy)
Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
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Georgia Institute of Technology · Emory University · Georgia State University · Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science
Affiliation as printed
Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Hospital Clínic de Barcelona · Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer · Universitat de Barcelona
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Hospital de Sant Pau · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Institut de Recerca Sant Pau
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Sant Pau Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
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UNSW Sydney · Monash University
Affiliation as printed
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Swinburne University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Artificial Intelligence Academy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla · Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío · Universidad de Sevilla
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
University hospital virgen del Rocío, ibis / CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
University of Minnesota, Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH) Division, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Bielefeld University · University of Münster · Deutsches Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit
Affiliation as printed
Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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University of California, Los Angeles
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
The Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Child Mind Institute, Autism Center, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CN, USA
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA
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Utrecht University · University Medical Center Utrecht · Amsterdam University Medical Centers · University of Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht University Medical Center (UMC), Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Universidade de São Paulo · Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
Affiliation as printed
Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Amsterdam Neuroscience · Amsterdam University Medical Centers · Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity and Attention program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Goethe University Frankfurt · University Hospital Frankfurt
Affiliation as printed
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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TransDeN Lab · Technische Universität Dresden
Affiliation as printed
Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research · New York University
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
University of Minnesota, Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain (MIDB), Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Centre for Addiction and Mental Health · University of Toronto · Hospital for Sick Children · Region Stockholm · Karolinska Institutet
Affiliation as printed
Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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The University of Texas at Austin
Affiliation as printed
Charmaine and Gordon McGill Center for Psychedelic Research and Therapy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
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Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Fidmag Sisters Hospitallers
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation as printed
Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust · University of Oxford
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Centre for Addiction and Mental Health · Hospital for Sick Children
Affiliation as printed
The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Standardization of Computational Anatomy Techniques for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences (SoCAT) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of the Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Universitätsmedizin Greifswald · German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases · Universität Greifswald
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Affiliation as printed
Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Children's Hospital of Philadelphia · University of Pennsylvania
Affiliation as printed
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Children's Hospital of Philadelphia · University of Pennsylvania
Affiliation as printed
Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Department of Adult Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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University of Newcastle Australia
Affiliation as printed
ASRB University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Ege University · İzmir Şehir Hastanesi
Affiliation as printed
Izmir City Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
Standardization of Computational Anatomy Techniques for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences (SoCAT) Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of the Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Chiba University · The University of Osaka
Affiliation as printed
Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
United Graduate School of Child Development, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan
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Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Shanghai Mental Health Center
Affiliation as printed
Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The University of Queensland · National Imaging Facility · Swinburne University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Australian National Imaging Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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University of Naples Federico II
Affiliation as printed
School of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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University of Southern California
Affiliation as printed
Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Affiliation as printed
Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, TX, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore · Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuroscience, Head-Neck and Chest, Section of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón · Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón
Affiliation as printed
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
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University of British Columbia
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Affiliation as printed
Psychology Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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University of Southern California
Affiliation as printed
Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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Instituto de Salud Carlos III · Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · Fidmag Sisters Hospitallers
Affiliation as printed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
FIDMAG Sisters Hospitallers Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Affiliation as printed
Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Seoul National University · Seoul National University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, South Korea
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TransDeN Lab · Technische Universität Dresden
Affiliation as printed
Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Philipps University of Marburg
Affiliation as printed
University of Marburg, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Marburg, Germany
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