Achieving efficient broadband spatial filtering for LIFE: status and plan

arXiv (Cornell University)

Abstract

Nulling interferometry is one of the most promising techniques that is envisioned for the imaging and characterization of exoplanets in the mid-infrared for ground-based and space-based observatories. On the ground, the upcoming Asgard/NOTT visitor instrument for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) is expected to be the first nuller to observe young giant exoplanets. The Large Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE) project aims at implementing long-baseline nulling interferometry in space to image and characterize Earth-like exoplanets. LIFE requires to reach deep ($<10^{-5}$) null depths over a large bandwidth in the mid-infrared (MIR: 4-18.5$\,μ$m) with a high throughput ($>15\,\%$). These requirements are necessary to detect and characterize the thermal emission of Earth-like exoplanets. To achieve deep null depths, a spatial filter is necessary to wash away the wavefront aberrations that would otherwise be a limiting factor for the contrast. However, efficient spatial filtering with high throughput ($>95\,\%$) is challenging to achieve over such a large bandwidth. In this study, we explore the possibility of broadband spatial filtering using two step-index fibers previously studied for the Darwin mission proposal: Te-As-Se chalcogenide (TAS) and silver halide (AgBr) fibers. Using $\partial$Lux, we also simulate the performance of phase-induced amplitude apodization (PIAA) with aspherical mirrors to achromatically apodize the pupil plane of a beam and improve its coupling efficiency in both fibers. The results show that a broadband geometric coupling efficiency of $>95\,\%$ can be achieved, with a manufacturing precision of $<100\,$nm for the PIAA mirrors. An achromatic apodization of the beams for LIFE is therefore compatible with a number of spectral channels of $\geq2$, defined by the number of spatial filters used.

Authors 11

1. G. Garreau
2. T. Birbacher

   ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland

3. L. Desdoigts Aachen Leiden Observatory

   Leiden University · The University of Sydney · Leiden Observatory

   Affiliation as printed

   Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands

   Sydney Institute for Astronomy , School of Physics , University of Sydney , Camperdown , NSW 2006 , Australia

4. L. D. Feinberg

   ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland

5. Adrian Michael Glauser

   ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland

6. J. T. Hansen

   ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland

7. Michael Ireland

   Australian National University

   Affiliation as printed

   Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2611 , Australia

8. J. Pino

   ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland

9. E. Spalding

   ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland

10. A. K. Taras Aachen Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · Leiden Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    Leiden Observatory , Leiden University , PO Box 9513 , 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands

11. Sascha P. Quanz

    ETH Zurich · Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    ETH Zürich , Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Sonneggstrasse 5 , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland

    ETH Zürich , Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland