A Low-energy Threshold and Multi-messenger Trigger System for the JUNO Experiment
Abstract
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20-kiloton liquid scintillator neutrino detector, located 650 meters (1800 m.w.e.) underground in Jiangmen, Guangdong, China. JUNO is primarily designed for reactor neutrino measurements and has been taking data since 2025. With the largest mass of its kind and an excellent energy resolution, JUNO is a leading observatory for high-precision measurements of MeV neutrinos. The standard global trigger system serves as the primary trigger for JUNO. We present a newly developed multi-messenger trigger system that extends the capabilities of the global trigger by providing a lower energy threshold and an independent monitoring capability. During the 2025 operation, it achieved an effective energy threshold of approximately 110 +/- 10 keV, providing a lower threshold configuration suitable for low-energy event analysis. The system shows the potential to further reduce the threshold to well below 100 keV. Based on the multi-messenger trigger system, an astrophysical monitor has been developed to receive and process external alerts from other messengers, such as gravitational-wave observations. A Transient Neutrino Burst Monitor is integrated to detect short-time-scale neutrino burst events and enables real-time monitoring of transient astrophysical phenomena. The system is sensitive to neutrino bursts from core-collapse supernovae within a distance of about 250 kpc.
Authors 100
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
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IPHC , Université de Strasbourg , CNRS/IN2P3 , F-67037 Strasbourg , France
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Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
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INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
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IJCLab , Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3 , 91405 Orsay , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
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IPHC , Université de Strasbourg , CNRS/IN2P3 , F-67037 Strasbourg , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Institute of Experimental Physics , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany
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Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Physikalisches Institut , Tübingen , Germany
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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III. Physikalisches Institut B , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et des Technologies Associées · IMT Atlantique · Nantes Université
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SUBATECH , Nantes Université , IMT Atlantique , CNRS/IN2P3 , Nantes , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
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IJCLab , Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3 , 91405 Orsay , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
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INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
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Aix Marseille Univ , CNRS/IN2P3 , CPPM , Marseille , France
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Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie
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IJCLab , Université Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3 , 91405 Orsay , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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School of Physics and Technology , Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
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Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , LP2I , UMR 5797 , F-33170 Gradignan , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
New Cornerstone Science Laboratory , Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania
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INFN Catania and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
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Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , LP2I , UMR 5797 , F-33170 Gradignan , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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National United University , Miao-Li
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GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research · Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
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GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University , Nanning , China
Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University , Nanning , China
Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University , Nanning , China
Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Guangxi University · Sun Yat-sen University
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Guangxi University , Nanning , China
Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Dongguan University of Technology
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Dongguan University of Technology , Dongguan , China
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Nanjing University · Tsinghua University
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Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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Nanjing University · Tsinghua University
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Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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North China Electric Power University · Sun Yat-sen University
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North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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North China Electric Power University · Sun Yat-sen University
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North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz · Southern University of Science and Technology · Institute of High Energy Physics · China Nerin Engineering (China)
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Department of Earth and Space Sciences , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , China
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
Kaiping Neutrino Research Center , Guangdong , China
School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz · Southern University of Science and Technology · Institute of High Energy Physics · China Nerin Engineering (China)
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Department of Earth and Space Sciences , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , China
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
Kaiping Neutrino Research Center , Guangdong , China
School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz · Southern University of Science and Technology · Institute of High Energy Physics · China Nerin Engineering (China)
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Department of Earth and Space Sciences , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , China
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
Kaiping Neutrino Research Center , Guangdong , China
School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz · Southern University of Science and Technology · Institute of High Energy Physics · China Nerin Engineering (China)
Affiliation as printed
Department of Earth and Space Sciences , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , China
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Institute of Physics and EC PRISMA + , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz , Mainz , Germany
Kaiping Neutrino Research Center , Guangdong , China
School of Physics and Astronomy , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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North China Electric Power University
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North China Electric Power University , Beijing , China
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National Taiwan University · Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering
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Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering , Beijing , China
Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei
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National Taiwan University · Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering
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Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering , Beijing , China
Department of Physics , National Taiwan University , Taipei
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Affiliation as printed
Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
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Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , LP2I , UMR 5797 , F-33170 Gradignan , France
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Institute of High Energy Physics · China Nerin Engineering (China)
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Kaiping Neutrino Research Center , Guangdong , China
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Institute of Particle Physics · Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Shandong University , Jinan , and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education ,
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Institute of Particle Physics · Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
Shandong University , Jinan , and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education ,
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Université de Strasbourg
Affiliation as printed
IPHC , Université de Strasbourg , CNRS/IN2P3 , F-67037 Strasbourg , France
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
Affiliation as printed
Univ. Bordeaux , CNRS , LP2I , UMR 5797 , F-33170 Gradignan , France
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Institute of High Energy Physics
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Institute of High Energy Physics , Beijing , China
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Affiliation as printed
Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Shandong University , Jinan , and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation of Ministry of Education ,
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Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Physikalisches Institut , Tübingen , Germany
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Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Technical University of Munich
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Technische Universität München , München , Germany
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Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
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