PRANA: A Deep Learning Method for Adapting Polygenic Risk Scores to Diverse Ethnic Groups
Abstract
Abstract Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which quantify inherited susceptibility to complex traits and diseases, have emerged as valuable tools for risk stratification and precision medicine. Despite their promise, PRS developed on European cohorts often demonstrate substantially reduced predictive accuracy in non-European populations, due to differences in genetic architecture. The disproportionate representation of European ancestry cohorts in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) leads to inequitable deployment of PRS technologies across diverse populations. Here, we introduce PRANA (Polygenic Risk Adaptation via Neural-network Architecture), a deep learning framework that adapts an existing PRS developed on one population to other ancestries. Unlike methods that require large-scale GWAS in the target population, PRANA leverages pre-trained PRS models derived from European cohorts and adapts them using modestly sized cohorts from the target population. We evaluated PRANA on seven complex traits in South Asian, East Asian and Ashkenazi Jewish populations, as well as in selected smaller East Asian subpopulations where the scarcity of training data poses a particular challenge. PRANA mostly improved predictive performance of the baseline PRS models by 5%-20% in terms of effect size (β) and Nagelkerke’s R², and, in most cases, outperformed existing cross-ancestry multi-PRS approaches. These results highlight PRANA as a scalable and practical strategy to reduce disparities in genomic risk prediction and advance the equitable application of PRS in diverse populations.
Authors 100
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Affiliation as printed
Blavatnik School of Computer Science and AI, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Gray Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
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Mount Sinai Hospital · University of Toronto · Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute
Affiliation as printed
Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8, 1 King’s College Circle
Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5, 600 University Avenue
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N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre
Affiliation as printed
N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus, 223040, Settlement of Lesnoy-2
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Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Molecular Pathology Division, Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, 2 Village Rd
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Lund University · Skåne University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 221 85, Barngatan 4, Skånes universitetssjukhus
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National Institutes of Health · National Cancer Institute · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20850, 9609 Medical Center Dr
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
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Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Scientific Centre
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Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics—Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, 450054, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30303, 250 Williams Street NW
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre
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Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, 30625, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, 30625, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus, 223040, Settlement of Lesnoy-2
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University of Copenhagen · Herlev Hospital · Copenhagen University Hospital · Gentofte Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark, 2730, Herlev Ringvej 75
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark, 2730, Herlev Ringvej 75
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2200, Blegdamsvej 3B
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Affiliation as printed
Cancer Prevention Graduate School, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Shefield, Shefield, UK, S10 2TN, Western Bank
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Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine
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Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, 44789, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1
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Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · St Mary's Hospital · Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
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North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL, Oxford Road
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University of Utah · Huntsman Cancer Institute
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Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 84112, 2000 Circle of Hope
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Affiliation as printed
Oncology and Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-GS), SERGAS, Vigo, Spain, 36312, Estrada Clara Campoamor n° 341
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Affiliation as printed
Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, 03080, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea, 03080, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul
Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea, 03080, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul
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Boston Children's Hospital · Harvard University
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Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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University of Utah · Huntsman Cancer Institute
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Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 84112, 2000 Circle of Hope
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Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905, 200 First St. SW
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Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 171 65, Karolinska Univ Hospital
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19111, 333 Cottman Ave
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Peter Devilee Aachen Department of Human Genetics Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden University Medical Center
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Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands, 2333 ZA, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC
Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands, 2333 ZA, Albinusdreef 2
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
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Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, 30625, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
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Brigham and Women's Hospital · Harvard University
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Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115, 181 Longwood Avenue, 3rd Floor
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, 02115, 677 Huntington Avenue
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, 02115, 677 Huntington Ave
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 171 65, Karolinska Univ Hospital
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Manchester Academic Health Science Centre · University of Manchester · St Mary's Hospital · Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
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Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL, Oxford Road
North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK, M13 9WL, Oxford Road
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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg · Universitätsklinikum Erlangen · Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany, 91054, Maximiliansplatz 2
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Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30303, 250 Williams Street NW
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Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago · Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago · Servicio Gallego de Salud
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Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Group IDIS, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 15706, Travesía da Choupana S/N
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Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK, SW7 3RP
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University of Southern California
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Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033, 1975 Zonal Ave
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Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580
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National University of Singapore · National University Hospital · National University Health System
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Department of Surgery, National University Hospital and National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore, 119228, E Kent Ridge Rd
Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore, 119228, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore, 117549, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd
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Département de médicine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9, Tour Saint-Antoine, 850 rue Saint-Denis, 2e étage, bureau S02.434
Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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National University of Singapore · National University Health System
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Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore, 117549, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd
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Erasmus MC · Erasmus MC Cancer Institute · Erasmus University Rotterdam
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Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 3015 CN, Wytemaweg 80, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA
Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 3015 GD, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA
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Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology · University of Tübingen
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Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany, 70376, Auerbachstr. 112
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 72074, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz
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Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL
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Aichi Cancer Center · Nagoya University
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, 466-8550, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku
Division of Cancer Information and Control, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan, 464-8681, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku
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Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan, 104-0045, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku
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Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 71-252, Unii Lubelskiej 1
Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 71-252
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Lund University · Skåne University Hospital
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Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 221 85, Barngatan 4, Skånes universitetssjukhus
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065, 1275 York Avenue
Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065, 1275 York Avenue
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
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Affiliation as printed
Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, 03080, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul
Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, 03080, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul
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Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of Ufa Scientific Centre · Ufa University of Science and Technology
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Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa, Russia, 450076, ul. Zaki Validi 32
Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics—Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, 450054, 71 prosp. Oktyabrya
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Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov”, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia, 1000, Boulevard Krste Petkov Misirkov
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National Institutes of Health · National Cancer Institute · Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20850, 9609 Medical Center Dr
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Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo
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Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 0379, Ullernchausseen 70
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Stanford Medicine · Stanford Cancer Institute · Stanford University
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Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, 94305, 259 Campus Drive
Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, 94304, 780 Welch Road, Suite CJ250C
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Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital · University of Hong Kong
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Department of Surgery and Cancer Genetics Center, Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, 2 Village Rd
Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road
Hong Kong Hereditary Breast Cancer Family Registry, Hong Kong, 18 A Kung Ngam Village Road
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VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology · KU Leuven
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Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000, Oude Markt 13
VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, 3001, Herestraat 46, Box 912
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Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905, 200 First Street SW, Harwick 6
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University of Hawaii Cancer Center
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Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, 96813, 701 Ilalo St
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The University of Melbourne · University of Cambridge · Monash Health · Monash University
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Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010, 207 Bouverie Street
Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168, 246 Clayton Road
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Agency for Science, Technology and Research · Genome Institute of Singapore
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Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore, 138672, 60 Biopolis St
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL, Oxford Road
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University of Eastern Finland · Kuopio University Hospital
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Biobank of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, 70210, Yliopistonranta 1
Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, 70210, Yliopistonranta 1
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Aichi Cancer Center · Nagoya University
Affiliation as printed
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan, 464-8681, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, 466-8550, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku
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Affiliation as printed
Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 84112, 2000 Circle of Hope
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL, Oxford Road
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Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven
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Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000, Oude Markt 13
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
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Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20246, Martinistraße 52
Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20246, Martinistraße 52
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National Institutes of Health · National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 27709, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive
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Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Affiliation as printed
Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065, 1275 York Avenue
Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065, 1275 York Avenue
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Shefield, Shefield, UK, S10 2TN, Western Bank
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30303, 250 Williams Street NW
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European Institute of Oncology
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Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov”, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia, 1000, Boulevard Krste Petkov Misirkov
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 71-252, Unii Lubelskiej 1
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Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
Affiliation as printed
Unit of “Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk”, Department of Experimental Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy, 20133, Via Giacomo Venezian 1
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Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
Affiliation as printed
Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, 30625, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
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German Cancer Research Center · Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center
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Department of Basic Sciences, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, Pakistan, 54000, Shaukat Khanum Hospital Road
Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580
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Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda
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Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain, 28222, Calle Manuel de Falla, 1
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece, 411 10, Mezourlo
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National Institutes of Health · National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 27709, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Clinical Epidemiology of Early Cancer Detection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, 69120, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
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Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec · Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval · Université Laval
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Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec – Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2, 2705 Laurier Boulevard
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The University of Melbourne · Cancer Council Victoria · Monash Health · Monash University
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Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3004, 615 St Kilda Road
Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010, Cnr Grattan Street and Royal Parade
Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168, 246 Clayton Road
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The University of Melbourne · The University of Western Australia
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010, 207 Bouverie Street
Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6000, 35 Stirling Hwy
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Inserm · Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines · Université Paris Cité · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut Gustave Roussy · Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations · Mathématiques Appliquées à Paris 5
Affiliation as printed
Team “Exposome and Heredity”, CESP, Gustave Roussy, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Villejuif, France, 94805, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, MAP5, Paris, France, 75006
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National Institutes of Health · National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 27709, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive
Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 27709, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30303, 250 Williams Street NW
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Inserm · Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut Gustave Roussy · Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations
Affiliation as printed
Team “Exposome and Heredity”, CESP, Gustave Roussy, INSERM, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Villejuif, France, 94805, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins
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National Institutes of Health · National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Affiliation as printed
Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 27709, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905, 200 First Street SW
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Affiliation as printed
Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan, 104-0045, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku
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Vanderbilt University · Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
Affiliation as printed
Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232, 1161 21st Ave S # D3300
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
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Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
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University of Cambridge · Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics
Affiliation as printed
Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB1 8RN, 2 Worts’ Causeway
Department of Biostatistics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus, 2371, 6 Iroon Avenue,2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, P.O.Box 23462, 1683, Nicosia, Cyprus
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