Sodium‐Based Battery Component Design: Imitating Lithium or Forging New Paths?

Small, pp. e74225

Abstract

ABSTRACT Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are promising candidates for large‐scale storage systems due to abundant Na resources, low costs, and a similar cell configuration to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, due to the distinct physico‐chemical properties of Li + and Na + cations, directly transferring concepts and established knowledge from LIBs to SIBs is unfeasible. Therefore, a new out‐of‐the‐box perspective is required in the design of electrode materials, electrolytes, interphases, and other components to account for the unique characteristics of SIBs. This review clarifies the fundamental divergences between Li and Na from the viewpoint of their cation chemistry, including differences in atomic and ionic radii, electronegativity, polarizability and charge density. Based on the differences in cation chemistry, this review elaborates on their impacts on electrolyte bulk and interfacial properties, the design and selection of electrode materials, electrolytes, and the formation of interphases/interfaces. It highlights that the design of SIB components must be considered as independent systems with their own governing principles and design rules, rather than as direct derivatives of Li. This work offers critical insights for optimizing SIBs performance and advancing non‐lithium mono‐/multivalent cation batteries.

Authors 13

1. Ziyu Song

   Huazhong University of Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

2. Wenfang Feng

   Huazhong University of Science and Technology

   Affiliation as printed

   Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

3. Moritz Schütte Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

4. Sascha Berg Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University · Forschungszentrum Jülich · Helmholtz-Institute Münster

   Affiliation as printed

   Helmholtz Institute Münster (HIMS), IMD‐4 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany

   Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

5. Feng Cai Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

6. Viviane Maccio‐Figgemeier Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University · Forschungszentrum Jülich · Helmholtz-Institute Münster

   Affiliation as printed

   Helmholtz Institute Münster (HIMS), IMD‐4 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany

   Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

7. Dirk Uwe Sauer Aachen

   RWTH Aachen University · Forschungszentrum Jülich · Helmholtz-Institute Münster

   Affiliation as printed

   Helmholtz Institute Münster (HIMS), IMD‐4 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany

   Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

8. Stefano Passerini

   Nanjing Normal University · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology · Helmholtz-Institute Ulm

   Affiliation as printed

   International Electrochemical Energy Storage Research Institute (IEES) School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China

   Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Ulm Germany

9. Michel B. Armand

   CIC energiGUNE

   Affiliation as printed

   Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Vitoria‐Gasteiz Spain

10. Zhibin Zhou

    Huazhong University of Science and Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

11. Egbert Figgemeier Aachen

    RWTH Aachen University · Forschungszentrum Jülich · Helmholtz-Institute Münster

    Affiliation as printed

    Helmholtz Institute Münster (HIMS), IMD‐4 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany

    Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

12. Heng Zhang

    Huazhong University of Science and Technology

    Affiliation as printed

    Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

13. Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu Aachen

    RWTH Aachen University · Mekelle University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Material Science and Engineering Mekelle Institute of Technology Mekelle University Mekelle Ethiopia

    Institute of Power Electronics and Electric Drives (ISEA) Center for Ageing Reliability and Lifetime Prediction of Electrochemical and Power Electronic Systems (CARL) RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany