Anemone major Clades

Abstract

Synapomorphies of Major Clades It is possible to separate major taxonomic groups of crane flies (Table 1) based on morphology of the adult and immature stages, but there is a lack of consensus for clear morphological synapomorphies by which these groups are defined. This is particularly true for Limoniidae. Overall, there appears to be significant homoplasy in both adult and immature characters. In many cases, this homoplasy results from convergent evolution related to immature behavior or adult character loss, such as in the arrangement of the radial section of wing veins. Here, we focus on clades that have been consistently recovered in phylogenetic analyses with broad sampling of crane fly taxa (Oosterbroek and Theowald 1991, Ribeiro 2008a, Petersen et al. 2010, Lukashevich and Ribeiro 2019). Lukashevich and Ribeiro (2019) offer a recent review of Tipulomorpha relationships based on an analysis of both extinct and extant genera, and they provide an overview of synapomorphies previously used to support major crane fly clades.

Authors 8

1. Matthew J. Petersen

   University of Minnesota

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA

2. Jon K. Gelhaus

   Drexel University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Entomology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

3. Pjotr Oosterbroek Aachen Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center

   Affiliation as printed

   Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

4. Sigitas Podėnas

   Nature Research Centre

   Affiliation as printed

   Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania

5. Virginija Podėnienė

   Vilnius University

   Affiliation as printed

   Vilnius University, Institute of Biosciences Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania

6. Guilherme Cunha Ribeiro

   Universidade Federal do ABC

   Affiliation as printed

   Laboratório de Sistemática e Diversidade, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

7. Daubian Santos

   Nicolaus Copernicus University

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Torun, Poland

8. o Zhang