Advanced graphitic carbon nitride based materials for biomedical applications: Theoretical and experimental aspects
Next Materials, vol. 12, pp. 102324
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) based materials have shown great potential for biomedical applications, including combination therapy, imaging, bioconjugation, and drug delivery due to their excellent biocompatibility, flexible surface modification, and tunable band-gap structure. These systems are widely employed for light driven water splitting and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Their utility has extended into photothermal therapy (PTT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), targated drug delivery, bioimaging guided combination therapy, and bioconjugation with biomacromolecules. This review comprehensively explores recent advances in g-C₃N₄ based materials for biomedical applications, focusing on disease treatment, diagnostic imaging, bioconjugation strategies, and combination cancer therapies. We discuss theoretical insights into charge separation, ROS generation, and nanomaterial–biomolecule interactions provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we incorporate the concept of ROS mediated mechanisms in specific cancers, including liver, lung, and breast tumors. We also highlight density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that elucidate the bioconjugation of biomacromolecules and drug delivery pathways, thereby guiding the rational design of future therapeutics. Overall, this review provides a critical framework for the development and clinical translation of g-C₃N₄ based nanoplatforms, aiming to enhance cancer diagnosis and treatment efficiency.
Authors 11
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Sk Jahir Abbas corresponding
China Medical University · China Medical University Hospital · Asia University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
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Affiliation as printed
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
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China Medical University · China Medical University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
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Affiliation as printed
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
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Sandeepa Kulala Vittala Aachen
Affiliation as printed
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, RA Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
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Nayim Sepay corresponding
Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemistry, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata 700017, India
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India
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Affiliation as printed
State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Asia University · China Medical University · Asia University Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
Office of Research and Development, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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