MRIgRT real-time target tracking: TrackRAD2025 challenge report
Medical Image Analysis, vol. 112, pp. 104134
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided radiotherapy (MRIgRT) integrates MRI with linear accelerators (MRI-linacs), enabling real-time motion management based on temporally resolved 2D MRI (cine-MRI). Current systems rely on template matching or deformable image registration for radiotherapy target (typically the gross tumor volume) localization, which allows beam gating. Further advances in localization could support more precise and efficient delivery methods. https://trackrad2025.grand-challenge.org/ was organized to provide a common dataset to benchmark algorithms for MRIgRT target tracking in 2D+t cine-MRI. Participants propagated target segmentation masks from an initialization frame across subsequent frames. The dataset comprised sagittal cine-MRI scans of 585 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy at 0.35 T and 1.5 T MRI-linacs at six different institutions, with expert-annotated targets in 108 sequences. Target sites included the thorax (179 cases), abdomen (266 cases), and pelvis (140 cases). A total of 477 unlabeled and 50 labeled cases were provided for training purposes, 58 cases were kept private for preliminary testing (8) and final evaluation (50). The algorithms submitted by participants were executed on the challenge platform and assessed using metrics in three categories: geometric accuracy, surrogate dose accuracy and execution speed. Rankings were derived via a Rank-Then-Mean scheme. TrackRAD2025 attracted 148 registrations from 28 countries, 100 preliminary submissions and 24 final submissions from 14 teams. The top five methods achieved mean Dice similarity coefficients >0.87 and Euclidean center distances <2.1 mm, comparable to interobserver variability. Leading top five solutions featured foundation models with (4) or without (1) finetuning. Field strength had minimal effect on performance and tracking worked better for the pelvis with reduced motion amplitude compared to the thorax and abdomen cases, which achieved equivalent performance. TrackRAD2025 established a benchmark for MRIgRT tracking on multi-institutional cine-MRI data, highlighting foundation models as promising for clinical translation.
Authors 45
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Catharina Ziekenhuis · Eindhoven University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Sichuan Cancer Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Sichuan Cancer Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Sichuan Cancer Hospital
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Catharina Ziekenhuis · Eindhoven University of Technology
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical university Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Applied Physics and Science education, Technical university Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Medical Physics Unit, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
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University Medical Center Utrecht
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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University Medical Center Utrecht
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Medical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching, Germany
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LMU Klinikum · Czech Technical University in Prague · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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The University of Sydney · St Vincent's Hospital Sydney · GenesisCare
Affiliation as printed
GenesisCare, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic · Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico
Affiliation as printed
Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Abano Terme Hospital, Abano Terme, Veneto, Italy
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St Vincent's Hospital Sydney · GenesisCare
Affiliation as printed
GenesisCare, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Utrecht University · University Medical Center Utrecht
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Computational Imaging Group for MR Diagnostics & Therapy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Radboud University Nijmegen · Radboud University Medical Center
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Machine Intelligence Laboratory College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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Affiliation as printed
Machine Intelligence Laboratory College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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Sichuan University · West China Medical Center of Sichuan University · West China Hospital of Sichuan University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Sichuan University · West China Medical Center of Sichuan University · West China Hospital of Sichuan University
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Affiliation as printed
Machine Intelligence Laboratory College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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Felix Knispel Aachen
RWTH Aachen University · Stanford University
Affiliation as printed
RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Affiliation as printed
Donald Smits Center for Information and Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, NL 9700AB, The Netherlands
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Affiliation as printed
Bernoulli Institute of Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 9, Groningen, 9747AG, NL, The Netherlands
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Applied Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
Affiliation as printed
Institute of Applied Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Inserm · Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image · Université Rennes 1 · Université de Rennes
Affiliation as printed
Univ Rennes 1, CLCC Eugène Marquis, INSERM, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Inserm · Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image · Université Rennes 1 · Université de Rennes
Affiliation as printed
Univ Rennes 1, CLCC Eugène Marquis, INSERM, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
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ShanghaiTech University · United Imaging Healthcare (China)
Affiliation as printed
Shanghai United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201815, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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National Technical University of Athens
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Engineering Lab (BEL), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Greece
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National Technical University of Athens
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Engineering Lab (BEL), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Greece
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National Technical University of Athens
Affiliation as printed
Biomedical Engineering Lab (BEL), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780, Greece
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LMU Klinikum · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Affiliation as printed
Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany. Electronic address: guillaume.landry@med.uni-muenchen.de
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