Euclid preparation

Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 712, pp. A166

Abstract

Context. The Euclid mission of the European Space Agency will deliver galaxy and cosmic shear surveys, which will be used to constrain initial conditions and statistics of primordial fluctuations. Aims. We present highlights for the Euclid scientific capability to test initial conditions beyond Λ cold dark matter with the three-dimensional galaxy clustering from the spectroscopic survey, the tomographic approach to 3 × 2pt statistics from photometric galaxy survey, and their combination. We then present how these Euclid results can be enhanced when combined with current and future measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies. Methods. We provide Fisher forecasts from the combination of Euclid spectroscopic and photometric surveys for spatial curvature, running of the spectral index of the power spectrum of curvature perturbations, isocurvature perturbations, and primordial features. For the parameters of these models, we also provide the combination of Euclid forecasts (pessimistic and optimistic) with three different CMB specifications, i.e. Planck , the Simons Observatory (SO), and CMB-S4. We provide Fisher forecasts for how the power spectrum and bispectrum from the Euclid spectroscopic survey will constrain the local, equilateral, and orthogonal shapes of primordial non-Gaussianity. We also review how Bayesian field-level inference of primordial non-Gaussianity can constrain local primordial non-Gaussianity. Results. We find that the combination of the Euclid main probes will provide an uncertainty of σ (Ω K ) = 0.0044 (0.003) at a 68% confidence level (CL) in pessimistic (optimistic) settings, assuming flat spatial sections as fiducial cosmology. We also find that the combination of the Euclid main probes can detect the running of the scalar spectral index for the fiducial value α s = −0.01 with approximately 2 σ (4 σ ) uncertainty and provide the uncertainty of σ ( α s ) = 0.004 (0.0015) for the fiducial value α s = −0.001 at a 68% CL, always with pessimistic (optimistic) settings. We show how Euclid will have the capability to provide constraints on isocurvature perturbations with a blue spectral index that are one order of magnitude tighter than current bounds. For primordial non-Gaussianity, the combined power spectrum and bispectrum Fisher forecast for the Euclid spectroscopic survey leads to σ ( f NL local ) = 2.2, σ ( f NL equil ) = 108, and σ ( f NL ortho ) = 33 by assuming k max = 0.15 h Mpc −1 and universality for the halo mass function. We show how Bayesian field-level inference can reach the combined power spectrum and bispectrum Fisher forecast uncertainty on f NL local at these large scales, although it is more conservative as it is based on more realistic three-dimensional mock data and masks. For the Euclid main probes, we find relative errors on the amplitude of primordial oscillations (with a fiducial value of 0.01), of 21% (18%) for linear frequency and of 22% (18%) for logarithmic frequency at a 68% CL in the pessimistic (optimistic) case. These uncertainties can be further improved by adding the information from the bispectrum and the non-linear reconstruction. Conclusions. We show how Euclid , with its unique combination of three-dimensional galaxy clustering from the spectroscopic survey and 3 × 2pt statistics from the photometric survey, will provide the tightest constraints on low redshift to date. By targeting a markedly different range in redshift and scale, Euclid ’s expected uncertainties are complementary to those obtained by CMB primary anisotropy, returning the tightest combined constraints on the physics of the early Universe.

Authors 99

1. Fabio Finelli

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

   INFN-Bologna

2. Y. Akrami

   Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Física Teórica · Case Western Reserve University

   Affiliation as printed

   CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University

   Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco

3. A.A. Andrews

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

   INFN-Bologna

4. M. Ballardini

   University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

   Affiliation as printed

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara

   INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

5. Santiago Casas Aachen Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology

   RWTH Aachen University

   Affiliation as printed

   Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University

6. D. Karagiannis

   University of Ferrara · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara · University of the Western Cape

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville

   Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara

   Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara

7. Z. Sakr

   Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Saint Joseph University · Heidelberg University · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

   Affiliation as printed

   Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES

   Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg

   Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences

8. J. Väliviita

   Helsinki Institute of Physics

   Affiliation as printed

   Department of Physics

   Helsinki Institute of Physics

9. George Alestas

   Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Física Teórica

   Affiliation as printed

   Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco

10. N. Bartolo

    University of Padua · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova · Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

    INFN-Padova

11. José Ramón Bermejo-Climent

    Universidad de La Laguna · Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea

    Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento de Astrofísica

12. Savvas Nesseris

    Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas · Instituto de Física Teórica

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco

13. D. Paoletti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Bologna

14. D. Sapone

    University of Chile

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile

15. Isaac Tutusaus

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier · Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie · Université de Toulouse

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES

16. A. Achúcarro Aachen Institute Lorentz

    Leiden University · University of the Basque Country

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU

    Institute Lorentz, Leiden University

17. G Cañas-Herrera Aachen Institute Lorentz Leiden Observatory

    Leiden University · European Space Agency · Leiden Observatory · European Space Research and Technology Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    European Space Agency/ESTEC

    Institute Lorentz, Leiden University

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University

18. Jens Jasche

    Stockholm University · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris

    Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University

19. Guilhem Lavaux

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris · Sorbonne Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université

20. N. Aghanim

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

21. B. Altieri

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo

22. Adam Amara

    University of Surrey

    Affiliation as printed

    School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey

23. Luca Amendola

    Heidelberg University

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg

24. Stefano Andreon

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

25. N. Auricchio

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

26. C. Baccigalupi

    Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati · Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

    INFN, Sezione di Trieste

    SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies

27. D Bagot

    Centre National d'Études Spatiales

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse

28. Marco Baldi

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics · University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

29. S. Bardelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

30. P. Battaglia

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

31. A. Biviano

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

32. E. Branchini

    Brera Astronomical Observatory · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova · University of Genoa · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera

    INFN-Sezione di Genova

33. M. Brescia

    Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · University of Naples Federico II · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

34. S. Camera

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino · Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · University of Turin · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

    INFN-Sezione di Torino

35. V. Capobianco

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

36. C. Carbone

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

37. J. Carretero

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona · Port d'Informació Científica · Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

    Affiliation as printed

    Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)

    Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB

38. M. Castellano

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

39. G. Castignani

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

40. S. Cavuoti

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte

    INFN section of Naples

41. K. C. Chambers

    University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · University of Hawaii System

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

42. G. Congedo

    University of Bologna

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

43. C Colodro-Conde

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

    Affiliation as printed

    Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea

44. Christopher J. Conselice

    University of Manchester

    Affiliation as printed

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

45. L. Conversi

    European Space Agency · European Space Astronomy Centre · European Space Research Institute

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo

    European Space Agency/ESRIN

46. Y. Copin

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

47. F. Courbin

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats · Institut de Ciències del Cosmos · Universitat de Barcelona

    Affiliation as printed

    Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)

    Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB)

48. Hélène M. Courtois

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon

49. Mark S. Cropper

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London

50. A. Da Silva

    University of Lisbon · Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences

    Affiliation as printed

    Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande

    Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande

51. Hubert Degaudenzi

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

52. S. de la Torre

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM

53. G. De Lucia

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

54. Anna M. Di Giorgio

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

55. Herve A. Dole

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

56. Marian Douspis

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris-Saclay · Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale

57. F. Dubath

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva

58. C. A. J. Duncan

    University of Manchester · Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

    Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester

59. X. Dupac

    European Space Astronomy Centre

    Affiliation as printed

    ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo

60. S. Dusini

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova

    Affiliation as printed

    INFN-Padova

61. S. Escoffier

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

62. Maria Farina

    Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali

63. R Farinelli

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

64. F Faustini

    Astronomical Observatory of Rome · Agenzia Spaziale Italiana · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma

    Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency

65. S Ferriol

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

66. P. Fosalba

    Institute of Space Sciences · Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya · Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

    Affiliation as printed

    Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC

    Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB

67. M. Frailis

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

68. Enrico Franceschi

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

69. M. Fumana

    National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-IASF Milano

70. Samuele Galeotta

    Trieste Astronomical Observatory · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste

71. K George

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

72. Bryan R. Gillis

    Royal Observatory · University of Edinburgh

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory

73. C. Giocoli

    Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna · Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna

    INFN-Sezione di Bologna

74. Javier Graciá-Carpio

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

75. A. Grazian

    Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova

76. Frank U. Grupp

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics · Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

77. S. V. H. Haugan

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

78. W. Holmes

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

79. I. Hook

    Lancaster University

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics, Lancaster University

80. F. Hormuth
    Affiliation as printed

    Felix Hormuth Engineering

81. Allan Hornstrup

    Technical University of Denmark

    Affiliation as printed

    Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)

    Technical University of Denmark

82. K. Jahnkę

    Max Planck Institute for Astronomy

    Affiliation as printed

    Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie

83. M. Jhabvala

    Goddard Space Flight Center

    Affiliation as printed

    NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

84. Benjamin Joachimi

    University College London

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London

85. Elina Keihänen

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

86. Smaïn Kermiche

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Aix-Marseille Université · Centre de physique des particules de Marseille · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM

87. A. Kiessling

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory

    Affiliation as printed

    Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

88. Bogna Kubik

    Lyon 1 Université · Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules · Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon

    Affiliation as printed

    Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822

89. M Kümmel

    Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

    Affiliation as printed

    Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

90. Martin Kunz

    University of Geneva

    Affiliation as printed

    Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics

91. Hannu Kurki-Suonio

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

92. Amandine M. C. Le Brun

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Université Paris Sciences et Lettres · Observatoire de Paris · Sorbonne Université · Laboratoire d'Étude de l'Univers et des Phénomènes Extrêmes

    Affiliation as printed

    Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS

93. S. Ligori

    Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino

94. Per Barth Lilje

    University of Oslo

    Affiliation as printed

    Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo

95. V. Lindholm

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

    Affiliation as printed

    Department of Physics

    Helsinki Institute of Physics

96. Ivan Lloro

    SKA Observatory

    Affiliation as printed

    SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington

97. Gabriele Mainetti

    Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique · Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules

    Affiliation as printed

    Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS

98. Davide Maino

    University of Milan · Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano

    INAF-IASF Milano

    INFN-Sezione di Milano

99. E. Maiorano

    Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio · National Institute for Astrophysics

    Affiliation as printed

    INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna